【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 LS 再保險基金 ? At various times in many countries pools have been formed to deal with various types of reinsurance. ? Frequently they are created to deal with what is regarded as an undesirable or hazardous class of business. ? The method has, for example, been used for third party motor insurance and hail insurance. ? Undesirable： 令人不快的 REINSURANCE POOLS 再保險基金 ? A few such pools have lasted many years but more frequently they are not enduring. ? The usual problem is that when the pool has been operating for a few years it bees apparent that the results of some panies are consistently worse than the average. The panies with the better experience decide that they can continue to underwrite more successfully than the average, and can therefore improve their profits by leaving the pool and making their own reinsurance arrangements. ? Apparent： 明顯的 REINSURANCE POOLS 再保險基金 ? An interesting example of a more enduring type of pool is the series of pools that have been developed, in those countries where atomic power stations have been built, to deal with the vast values and potentially catastrophic liabilities which are involved. ? Another project sponsored by UNCTAD is regional reinsurance pools. ? Sponsored： 發(fā)起 ， 主辦； REINSURANCE BROKERS 再保險經(jīng)紀人 ? The earliest known instance of the operation of a reinsurance broker goes back to the very beginning of treaty reinsurance. ? In 1829 a Mr Cazenove of Broad Street Buildings, London offered a fire treaty from Union de Paris to the Royal Exchange. ? Offer： 提供 ， 出價 ? It seems likely that the early operations of reinsurance brokers were in anising reciprocal exchanges of fire reinsurance. REINSURANCE BROKERS 再保險經(jīng)紀人 ? It is difficult to believe that no other instances existed, but there appears to be no record of other reinsurance broking until nearly 1870. ? A Mr Martin Heckscher had established a business in 1865 as agent in St Petersburg for the Commercial Union, Liverpool London and a number of other panies. ? As he was subsequently involved in reinsurance in London he probably negotiated treaties in Russia, but no record remains. ? Negotiate： 談判，磋商 LLOYD39。S ： 勞合社 ? There is no clear record of the early involvement of Lloyd39。s in the acceptance of reinsurance. It was not in fact a pattern of business which came naturally to Lloyd39。s. ? The underwriters themselves had always been used to the system of each accepting the amount on a risk which was appropriate for himself, with the broker spreading the original risk through the market. ? This and the fact that the Lloyd39。s market was virtually limited to marine insurance, in which reinsurance was illegal until 1864, made Lloyd39。s late developers in this field. LONDON REINSURANCE MARKET 倫敦再保險市場 ? It has already been shown that reinsurance itself began to develop earlier in Europe than in Britain. ? It is clear that in no way could London be regarded as a significant reinsurance market at any time in the nieenth century, and most of the reinsurance of the British direct insurers was placed in Europe. ? This situation persisted up to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Nature： 屬性 ? 再保險是補償性質(zhì)的保險 ? 再保險和原保險的關(guān)系 ? 再保險和共同保險的關(guān)系 Difference from Primary Insurance ? A. Reinsurance tends to be less regulated. ? B. More internationally oriented. ? C. Transactions of large moary value and risk. ? D. Reinsurer relies on the reinsured to produce proper underwriting at proper rates. ? E. Right to inspect records of the reinsured ? F. Utmost good faith ? G. Relies on reinsured to produce a profitable book of business. ? Oriented:導(dǎo)向的； relies on ： 依靠 再保險與原保險的聯(lián)系 ? 再保險與原保險既有聯(lián)系又有區(qū)別 。 ? 二者的 主要聯(lián)系 在于：都是對風險責任的分散 。 ? 原保險 是對投保人的風險責任予以分散 ， 是對風險的 第一次轉(zhuǎn)嫁 ； ? 再保險 是對保險人的風險責任予以分散 ， 也可以說 ， 再保險是對風險 第二次轉(zhuǎn)嫁 。 再保險與原保險的主要區(qū)別 ? 合同當事人不同。 ? 原保險合同的雙方當事人是投保人和保險人； ? 再保險合同的雙方當事人都是保險人，即分出人與分入人，與原投保人無關(guān)。 再保險與原保險的主要區(qū)別 ? 2．保險 標的 不同。 ? 原保險合同的保險標的是被保險人的財產(chǎn)或人身，或者具體為被保險人的財產(chǎn)及有關(guān)利益或者人的壽命和身體； ? 而再保險合同的保險標的是 原保險人分出的責任 ，分出人將原保險的保險業(yè)務(wù)部分地轉(zhuǎn)移給分入人。 再保險與原保險的主要區(qū)別 ?3．保險合同的 性質(zhì) 不同。 ?原保險合同具有 經(jīng)濟補償性或者保險金給付性 ； ?而再保險合同具有 責任分攤性 ，或補充性。其直接目的是要對原保險人的承保責任進行分攤。 原保險契約與再保險契約之關(guān)系圖 危險 被保險人 分保 自留 保險人 分入 再保險人 原保險契約 再保險契約 原保險契約與再保險契約之關(guān)系 ? 個別獨立－法律觀點 ? 1. 原保險契約之被保險人，對于再保險人無賠償請求權(quán)。 ? 2. 再保險人不得向原保險契約之要保人，請求支付保險費。 ? 3. 原保險人不得以再保險人不履行保險金給付之義務(wù)為理由，而拒絕或延遲其對于被保險人之義務(wù)。 ? 相互依存－業(yè)務(wù)觀點 再保險和共同保險 ? 共同保險 ：指幾個保險人，就同一保險利益、同一風險共同締結(jié)保險合同的一種保險。 ? 在實務(wù)中，數(shù)個保險人可能以某一家保險公司的名義簽發(fā)一張保險單，然后每一家保險公司對保險事故損失按比例分擔責任。 ? 共保聯(lián)營 與再保險雖有不同，但在今日保險市場，共保聯(lián)營與再保險之 結(jié)合運用 ，已屢見不鮮。 再保險和共同保險的區(qū)別 ? （ 1）反映的 保險關(guān)系 不同。 ? 共同保險 反映的是