【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ned efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these finding, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources。 that only the giant corporation or conglomerate, with its prodigious assets, can afford the kind of expenditures that produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost twothirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defenselinked research projects will either improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by petition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now subordinate to the petition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly petitive industry not dominated by single corporation, investment in innovation—a risky and expensive budget item—might meet resistance from management and stockholders concerned about costcutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with bountiful expenditures on research. Largescale enterprises tend to operate more fortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no petition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares. The conglomerates are not, however, pletely except from strong petitive pressures. There are instances in which they too must pete with another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation. primary purpose of the passage is to(A) advocate an increase in government support of organized industrial research(B) point out a mon misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry(C) describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation(D) show that America’s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness（B）(E) encourage freemarket petition among industrial giantsQ12According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century(A) were produced largely as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development(B) came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopolistic industries(C) were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams(D) have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates（C）(E) sometimes adversely affect our standard of living and diminish our natural resourcesQ13: It can be inferred from the passage that the author(A) has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the future(B) would rather see the federal government spend money on social services than on the defense establishment(C) favors a conservative approach to innovation and places trust in conglomerates to provide efficient production(D) feels that price should still be the dominant variable in the petitive process（A）(E) believes that excessive petition is a deterrent to innovationQ14The passage contains information that answers which of the following questions?I. What portion of the research dollar in this country is spent each year by the federal government?II. Under what circumstances is an industrial giant likely to invest heavily in innovation?III. Why might a monopolistic producer want to suppress an innovation?(A) I only(B) II only(C) I and II only(D) II and III only（E） (E) I, II, and IIIQ15: TTGWD4Q17:The steel industry has changed radically over the last two decades, as large, integrated panies such as Bethlehem Steel once conducted operations from mining at one end of the process to shipping at the other have greatly downsized, or in some cases shut down altogether. A. as large, integrated panies such as Bethlehem SteelB. as large, integrated panies, such as Bethlehem Steel, thatC. with large, integrated panies, such as Bethlehem Steel, thatD. while large, integrated panies, such as Bethlehem Steel, that E. and large, integrated panies such as Bethlehem SteelQ16: TTGWD4Q1:The Aa and Hopi are probably the two oldest surviving Pueblo munities, both dating back at least a thousand years.A. both dating B. both of which have dated C. and each has dated D. and each one dating E. each one of which date