【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 by historical events.教學(xué)時數(shù)：2學(xué)時Part Three From Theory to Practice Chapter Five The Importance of LanguageLanguage and Culture? Language is the achieves of history .? Not only the symbols (words) and sounds for those symbols different, but so are rules (phonology, syntax, and innotation ) for using those symbols and sounds.? Language is a reflection of the culture and culture is a reflection of language.? We simply have many more ideas, feeling and things to represent than we have words to represent them. But when munication is between people from distinct cultures, different experiences are involved and the process is more troublesome. Cultures with this orientation tend to be concerned more with the overall emotional quality of the interaction than with the meaning of particular words and sentences.? Language is inseparable from culture. Culture influences language symbols and rules for using those symbols. As we have also seen, meaning is culturally determined.Culture and Meaning? The meanings we have for words is determined by the culture in which we have been raised.? Word usage and meaning are learned, and all cultures and cocultures have special experiences that frame usage and meaning.Culture and the Use of Language? Each of us learns and uses language as we do because of our cultural background.Foreign Languages and Translation? Translators build bridges not only between languages but also between the differences of two cultures. Languages are not this simple, and direct translations in many cases are difficult if not impossible because (1)words have more than one meaning (2)many words are culturebound and have no direct equivalents(3)cultural orientations can render a direct translation nonsensical ,and (4)a culture may not have the background and understanding to translate experience specific to other cultures. A translator must be able to translate a message so that others hear it as though it were the original message .This means that the interpreter must be skilled in more than vocabulary. He or she must also know the word’s emotive aspects, as well as the culture’s thoughtprocesses and munication techniques.If you are selecting an interpreter, you should look for the following qualities or qualifications. The first is patibility, second is ethnic patibility ,third is knowledge of dialect , specialized knowledgewomen are primarily concerned with personal relationships when they munication ,but men are concerned only with getting the job done .Whereas women wish to include everyone ,men seek to establish their own status .Women’s concrete terminology often clashes with the abstract nature of men’s verbiage. Whereas women may engage in tentative speech ,men’s speech is characteristically assertive. Women’s munication is decidedly responsive ,while men’s munication is distinctly unresponsive. Women’s and men’s speech create the potential for misunderstanding and conflict between women and men Language Diversity in the United States? L D has bee a prominent issue in the US?People living within the same geographical boundaries can also use language in ways that differ from the dominant culture.? Argot is a private vocabulary that members of a coculture share.? Examining argot helps gain insight into a coculture and its social realities.ActivitiesAsk an informant whose language is not English for examples of expressions from his or her native language that are difficult to translate into English. Idioms are the most likely category in which to find examples. Try to determine why the difficulty exists. What cultural values might these expressions represent?DiscussionWhat problems are associated with language diversity in a country教學(xué)時數(shù)：2學(xué)時Chapter Six Nonverbal munication: The Messages of Action, Space, Time, and Silence教學(xué)要點：The importance of nonverbal munication? We make important judgments and decisions about others based on their behavior.? We use actions of others to learn about their emotional states.Defining nonverbal munication? Nonverbal munication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a munication setting that are generated by both the source of his or her environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.? Nonverbal messages may be both intentional and unintentional. Functions of nonverbal munication? Nonverbal munication has five basic functions: to repeat, plement, substitute for a verbal action, regulate, and contradict a munication event.Nonverbal munication: guidelines and Limitations? It is important to remember that we are more than our culture.? In nonverbal munication, we often make differences more important than they should be.? Nonverbal action seldom occur in isolation. Nonverbal munication and culture? Nonverbal munication and culture are similar in that both are learned, both are passed on from generation to generation and both involve shared understandings.? Studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture’s underlying attitudes and values.? Studying nonverbal behavior can also assist us in isolating our own ethnocentrism.Body behavior? Nonverbal messages are municated by means of body movements(kinesics and posture), dress, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, smell, and paralanguage.Space and distance? Cultures differ in their perception and use of personal space, seating, and furniture arrangement. Time? We can understand a culture’s sense of time by learning about how members of that culture view informal time.? Attitudes towards time also appear in the ways people conceive of the past, present, and future.? Cultural orientations towards time can be classified as monochromic or polychromic.Silence? The use of silence varies from culture to culture.? Generally, Eastern culture value silence more that the use of