【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 26 As 1. 用作關(guān)系代詞，引出定語從句 (a) such… as 象 … 這（那）樣的，象 … 之類的 As 所引導(dǎo)的從句修飾前面的名詞， as本身在定語從句中可能是主語、賓語或定語 (I). We will give you such data as will help you with your measurements.（主語） (II). We hope to get such an electrical circuit as he is using. (賓語 ) (III). Such instruments as (are) thermometers and ba‘rometers (氣壓計(jì) ) can be found in any physics laboratory. （表語， as are thermometers… ） (IV). We must know such symbols as are used to represent chemical elements. (主語 ) 27 The same… as 和 … 同樣的 (I). Molecular weights are expressed in the same units as atomic weights (are expressed). (as 作關(guān)系副詞 ) (II). If one object is charged with the same kind of electricity as appears on another nearby, the two objects will repel each other. (as 作主語 ) As many … as, as much… as ： 如 … 一般多；凡 … 的 … 都 (I). As many instruments as are in the laboratory have been made use of. (主語 ) （充分利用了） (II). These generators supply only half as much energy as (is) required. （主語） 28 As 代替整個(gè)主句，在從句中作主語、賓語、表語 machine, as might be expected, has stopped operation. (主語 ) 2. As we know, materials expand and contract with the increase and decrease of temperature. (賓語 ) As 作為代替整個(gè)主句的關(guān)系代詞： 1. as has been said before 如上所述 2. as is well known 眾所周知 3. as we all can see 正如所能看到的那樣 4. as will be shown in Fig. 6 將如圖 6 所示 5. as has been explained in the preceding paragraph 如上段所解釋的那樣 6. as has been already pointed out 正如所指出的那樣 29 縮略詞： (a) etc., et cetra = and so on （等等） (不用于指人 ) (b) et al. 讀作 “ and others‖，等（人） (c) . = that is； (d) viz. = that is Binary means two, implying that only two digits are used, viz., 0 and 1. (e) . = for example。 (f) ?ibid (ibidem) = the same 同上，同前，在同書 , 出處同上（多用于腳注）(References) 30 Comparison of the Two Synthetic Approaches One cannot generalize that either approach is more useful than the other even though the functionalization of existing polymers (especially polystyrene) is probably the most often employed approach. The two approaches should be considered as plementary. The functionalization of a polymer may be more advantageous for a particular system due to the availability of the appropriate polymer and the ease of acplishing the required functionalization reaction in high yield with a minimum of side reactions. 31 It may be pletely unsuitable for a system where the appropriate polymer is not readily available and/or the required functionalization reaction does not proceed cleanly to high yield. The polymerization of a functional monomer will be advantageous for a system if synthesis of the required monomer can be acplished in high yield and purity and polymerization or copolymerization proceeds to yield a high polymer of the required mechanical strength with good thermal and chemical resistance. The approach may be impractical if either monomer synthesis or polymer formation do not proceed satisfactorily. For any specific polymer reagent, catalyst, or substrate, one approach may be more suitable than the other. 32 Advantages of Polymer Reagents, Catalysts and Substrates Polymer reagents, catalysts and substrates have practical advantages pared to their small molecules ?analogues （ 相似物 ） . An insoluble polymer reagents, catalyst, or substrate can be easily separated from the other (., the small molecules) ponents of a reaction system by filtration. This ease of separation allows the synthesis of high purity products and the recovery of the polymeric species ? with resulting economies. Reactions with insoluble polymer reagents, catalysts, and the substrates are often advantageously (有利地 ， 方便地 ) carried out in a manner similar to column chromatography. 33 The polymeric species is packed in a column and the small molecule species poured through the column. A soluble polymer reagent, catalyst, or substrate also offers the advantage of ease of separation since it can be selectively precipitated by an appropriate nonsolvent and then filtered off. Since the polymer reagent, catalyst, or substrate is often easily recoverable, it can be economically used in large excess to achieve high yields in a reaction. 34 Natural Polymers (Reading materials for Unit 9 ) (1) What is the major source for bitumen? (2) Which one is polymeric, rosin or drying oil? (3) Please give an example of the application of unvulcanized rubber. (4) According to the paper, which one will be more soluble and softer, cis or trans 1,4polyisoprene? (5) What are the two major ponents of wood? (6) What kind of resin may be helpful for the conservation of soil and water? 35 Natural Polymers (Reading materials for Unit 9 ) (1) What is the major source for bitumen? The residue from petroleum distillation is the major source of bitumen though they are also available in natural deposits. (2) Which one is polymeric, rosin or drying oil? Neither is polymeric. (3) Please give an example of the application of unvulcanized rubber. Unvulcanized rubber can be used in shoe soles in the form of crepe (due to its high resistance to abrasion) (4) According to the paper, which one will be more soluble and softer, cis or trans 1,4polyisoprene? Cis1,4polyisoprene (5) What are the two major ponents of wood? Polysaccharide cellulose and lignin. (6) What kind of resin may be helpful for the conservation of soil and water? Humid acid, which is another kind of fossil resin. 36 無機(jī)化合物命名 （ Inanic Chemical Nomenclature） 元素命名（元素周期表） (Periodical Table) 37 Left upper: mass number。 Left lower: atomic number。 Right upper: ionic charge。 Right lower: number of atoms ?223216 SA doubly charged molecule containing two atoms of sulfur, each atom having the atomic number 16 and mass number 32 38 Names and Symbols fo