【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 0。39。To end our special news bulletin,39。 said the voice of the television announcer,39。 we are taking you to the macaroni fields of Calabria. Macaroni has been grown in this area for over six hundred years. Two of the leading growers, Giuseppe Moldova and Ricardo Brabante, tell me that they have been expecting a splendid crop this year and harvesting has begun earlier than usual. Here you can see two workers who, between them, have just finished cutting three cartloads of golden brownmacaroni stalks. The whole village has been working day and night gathering and threshing this year39。s crop before the September rains. On the right, you can see Mrs Brabante herself. She has been helping her husband for thirty years now. Mrs Brabante is talking to the manager of the local factory where the crop is processed. This last scene shows you what will happen at the end of the harvest : the famous Calabrian macaronieating petition ! Signor Fratelli, the present champion, has won it every year since 1961. And that ends our special bulletin for today, Thursday, April 1st. We are now returning you to the studio.39。Lesson77 A successful operation 一例成功的手術(shù)The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 . has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the Xray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the Xray of the god Duamutef. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placedinside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation. Lesson78 The last one? 最后一枝嗎？After reading an article entitled 39。Cigarette Smoking and Your Health39。 I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves. I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette. For a whole week I did not smoke at all and during this time, my wife suffered terribly. I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite. My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket. After seven days of this I went to a party. Everybody around me was smoking and I felt extremely unfortable. When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear. I took one guiltily, lit it and第一章 概述1．1項(xiàng)目名稱及承辦單位1．1．1項(xiàng)目名稱：敦化市集中供熱工程1．1．2項(xiàng)目主管部門：敦化市建設(shè)局1．1．3項(xiàng)目承辦單位：敦化市供熱公司1．2設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)及范圍1．2．1設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)a．敦化市人民政府2000年6月下發(fā)的《關(guān)于實(shí)施敦化市區(qū)集中供熱工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目》文件。b．由省規(guī)劃院及敦化市規(guī)劃院城建局共同編制的《敦化市城市整體規(guī)劃》c．由敦化市建設(shè)局提供的市區(qū)建筑面積分布d．關(guān)于敦化市集中供熱工程項(xiàng)目建設(shè)書的批復(fù)。1．2．2設(shè)計(jì)范圍在本可研報(bào)告中，主要核實(shí)熱負(fù)荷，鍋爐房規(guī)模及鍋爐選型，廠址建設(shè)條件，燃料供應(yīng)和本工程其它一些設(shè)想，一級(jí)管網(wǎng)及換熱站設(shè)計(jì)，并作出經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析及投資估算。工程測(cè)量與工程地質(zhì)，水文工作，鍋爐房的環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)工作不列入本可研范圍。1．3城市概況及自然條件1．3．1城市概況敦化市位于吉林省東部長(zhǎng)白山區(qū)，東經(jīng)128176。14’，北緯176。22’，西距長(zhǎng)春市337公里，東距圖門市、延吉市191公里，是吉林省的新興城市之一，敦化市為延邊地區(qū)所管轄，并列入西部大開(kāi)發(fā)行列。目前，敦化市已形成了以木制口加工，醫(yī)藥制造業(yè)為主導(dǎo)的包括機(jī)械，紡織，水電等多元化工業(yè)格局，其中年產(chǎn)值超億元的大型企業(yè)四戶，五千萬(wàn)以上企業(yè)15戶。市區(qū)現(xiàn)有人口20萬(wàn)人，建城區(qū)面積給10平方米公里?，F(xiàn)有工業(yè)企業(yè)用戶200余家。1．3．2自然概況敦化市座落在牡丹江河谷沖積平原上，市區(qū)周圍群山環(huán)繞，牡丹江自西南向東北蜿蜒流經(jīng)市區(qū)，城市北側(cè)還有小石河流過(guò)，形成風(fēng)景的北圍山城。敦化市氣候?qū)俸疁貛Т箨懶约撅L(fēng)氣候。夏秋季多東南風(fēng)，冬春多西北風(fēng)?！?，℃，℃，多年平均降水量519毫米。1．4建設(shè)必要性隨著我國(guó)改革開(kāi)放不斷深入，敦化市工業(yè)得到不斷發(fā)展，城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不斷加以完善，住宅、給水、排水、道路、小區(qū)建設(shè)，城市綠化已排在省內(nèi)前列。唯有市區(qū)供熱還維持在原有小鍋爐分散供熱上。(10T/h)鍋爐房，其余全部為6T/h以下小鍋爐供熱。截止2001年統(tǒng)計(jì)，采暖鍋爐172臺(tái)，煙囪161座，分散小鍋爐供熱效率低，浪費(fèi)能源，供熱成本高，污染環(huán)境。進(jìn)入冬季，處在四面環(huán)山的市區(qū)風(fēng)力小，空氣對(duì)流緩慢，煙囪排出煙塵籠罩在上空，污染空氣，直接危害人民的身心健康，廢氣排放總量180000萬(wàn)標(biāo)立方米，煙塵排放量115000噸，SO2排放量4100噸，2000年冬季由市環(huán)保局測(cè)定，空氣中二氧化硫，總懸浮微粒，降塵等指標(biāo)都超出國(guó)家規(guī)定值，如果不實(shí)現(xiàn)集中供熱，小鍋爐數(shù)量還在增加，能源浪費(fèi)、空氣污染將繼續(xù)惡化。為此，在敦化市實(shí)現(xiàn)集中供熱無(wú)論從經(jīng)濟(jì)效益還是社會(huì)效益都是十分必要的。第二章 熱負(fù)荷2．1供熱現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展敦化市區(qū)沒(méi)有可利用余熱廠供熱，只有161座燃煤鍋爐房分散供熱，其中供熱公司所管轄有九座鍋爐房，供熱面積40萬(wàn)平方米。市區(qū)外圍鐵東開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)、林業(yè)局，三三零五廠、敖東藥廠已實(shí)行獨(dú)立供熱，不在本供熱范圍之內(nèi)。為更清楚了解市區(qū)采暖面積分布情況，把供熱區(qū)域劃分為19個(gè)區(qū)，每個(gè)區(qū)現(xiàn)有建筑面積及發(fā)展面積見(jiàn)供熱面積統(tǒng)計(jì)表2—1。從統(tǒng)計(jì)表中可以看出：現(xiàn)有供熱面積245萬(wàn)平方米，到2010年規(guī)劃發(fā)展面積180萬(wàn)平方米左右，合計(jì)供熱面積425萬(wàn)平方米。本工程供熱規(guī)模按照425萬(wàn)平方米考慮。2．2擬建規(guī)模城市供熱建大中型區(qū)域燃煤鍋爐房是國(guó)家能源政策提倡的，一是熱率qw高，熱效率82％，能有效的利用能源，小型煤鍋爐房熱效率只有60～70％。二是投資少，只有同樣供熱能力的熱電廠投資的十分之一，建設(shè)周期短（與熱電廠相比）。一至二年可以建成投入使用。三是有利于保護(hù)環(huán)境，與多個(gè)小型燃煤鍋爐相比，鍋爐房個(gè)數(shù)少，污染源少，占地面積小，煤碳運(yùn)輸集中方便，除灰，除渣系統(tǒng)機(jī)構(gòu)化程度高，采用濕式硫除塵器效率達(dá)98％以上，煙塵排放濃度小。四是對(duì)供熱負(fù)荷規(guī)模適應(yīng)性好，供熱成本低。建設(shè)大型燃煤鍋爐房無(wú)論是從建設(shè)周期、環(huán)保要求及市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力都是可行的。因此本工程擬建規(guī)模為3臺(tái)29MW熱水鍋爐房四座，供熱面積425萬(wàn)平方米，三年建成。熱平衡見(jiàn)表2—2。2．3供熱范圍和供熱參數(shù)本工程供熱范圍為區(qū)外環(huán)路以內(nèi)①至19區(qū)域。四座鍋爐房，分別建在長(zhǎng)安小區(qū)，曙光小區(qū)，江濱小區(qū)，團(tuán)結(jié)小區(qū)。換熱站利用原有鍋爐房，每座鍋爐房承擔(dān)供熱面積及供熱范圍，換熱站數(shù)量見(jiàn)表2—3。由于在本工程供熱范圍內(nèi)有住宅、工企等，一、二級(jí)管網(wǎng)間熱鬧換熱，連續(xù)運(yùn)行，一級(jí)網(wǎng)供回水溫度150/90℃，最大管徑D4787。二級(jí)網(wǎng)供回水溫度95/70℃。2．4主機(jī)選型，后兩種鍋爐以技術(shù)先進(jìn)性能可靠，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，熱效益高等優(yōu)勢(shì)得到廠泛應(yīng)用。，爐型布置合理，熱效率高，初始排塵濃度低。鍋爐主要參數(shù)：型號(hào)：額定出力：29MW設(shè)計(jì)工作壓力：額定熱水出口溫度：150℃額定熱水進(jìn)口溫度：90℃設(shè)計(jì)效率：82％煤種：II類煙煤鍋爐房布置為雙層布置方案，雙層布置優(yōu)點(diǎn)是操作環(huán)境好，廠房占地面積小，上煤除渣灰方便。供熱面積統(tǒng)計(jì)表表面2—1 單位：萬(wàn)M2區(qū)號(hào)現(xiàn)有住宅現(xiàn)有公企規(guī)劃住宅規(guī)劃公企12345678910111213141516171819合計(jì)（注：規(guī)劃到2011年）熱負(fù)荷平衡表表2—2鍋爐額定供熱量熱負(fù)荷（MW）425萬(wàn)M2最大平均四座鍋爐房12臺(tái)鍋爐運(yùn)行1229＝鍋爐負(fù)荷率％年供熱量106GJ長(zhǎng)安小區(qū)鍋爐供熱范圍表表2—31序號(hào)換熱站位置供熱面積（萬(wàn)M2）供熱范圍現(xiàn)有發(fā)展合計(jì)1新華小區(qū)鍋爐房(1)區(qū)2商貿(mào)城鍋爐房(2)區(qū)3政府后勤鍋爐房(6)區(qū)4光明小區(qū)鍋爐房(8)區(qū)5新建鍋爐房?jī)?nèi)(7)(18)區(qū)合計(jì)曙光小區(qū)鍋爐房供熱范圍表表2—32序號(hào)換熱站位置供熱面積（萬(wàn)M2）供熱范圍現(xiàn)有發(fā)展合計(jì)1龍?zhí)╁仩t房(3)(4)區(qū)2富豪鍋爐房(5)區(qū)3江南鎮(zhèn)鍋爐房11(9)區(qū)4法院鍋爐房(10)(19)區(qū)5陽(yáng)光城鍋爐房(10)區(qū)6清華苑鍋爐房(11)區(qū)7預(yù)留開(kāi)發(fā)6座合計(jì)團(tuán)結(jié)小區(qū)鍋爐房供熱范圍表表2—33序號(hào)換熱站位置供熱面積（萬(wàn)M2）供熱范圍現(xiàn)有發(fā)展合計(jì)1站北村鍋爐房(17)區(qū)2鐵路鍋爐房(16)區(qū)3紅旗小區(qū)鍋爐房(14)區(qū)4新建鍋爐房?jī)?nèi)(1