第四章社會(huì)層面thesocialdimension(編輯修改稿)
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【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 .(2022). Understanding human behavior and the social environment. (5th ed.) Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, Inc..） 民族團(tuán)體和民族中心主義 民族團(tuán)體（ ethnic groups）（ ） 一群人共同分享相同的語(yǔ)言、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、歷史、文化、種族、信仰和他們祖先的來(lái)由。 民族中心主義（ ethnocentrism） 一種信念的傾向，由一群人認(rèn)為他們所持有的文化、民族或種族團(tuán)體、國(guó)家是優(yōu)於其他人的。 例如：漢族、中華民族、大和民族 種族與種族主義 種族與民族不必然完全相同。 種族（ race）（ ） 有共同 生理特徵的一群人，但是種族團(tuán)體的成員未必有共同的認(rèn)同或是集體感 例如：亞洲人、華人 一種民族（ ethnic group）可能包含多種人種種族（ diverse racial groups） 種族中心主義（ racism） 一種對(duì)人們的刻板印象與概念化，通常因?yàn)樗麄兊姆N族而採(cǎi)取負(fù)面觀點(diǎn)；是對(duì)少數(shù)種族的歧視。 Definition of race The term race refers to the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of characteristics and beliefs about mon ancestry（血源、血統(tǒng)） .[1] The most widely used human racial categories are based on visible traits (especially skin color, facial features and hair texture), and selfidentification.[2] 取材自 Wikipedia Definition of ethnicity Those human groups that entertain a subjective belief in their mon descent（血統(tǒng)、起源） because of similarities of physical type or of customs or both, or because of memories of colonization and migration。 this belief must be important for group formation。 furthermore it does not matter whether an objective blood relationship exists.[6] 取材自 Wikipedia Ethnicity and race Ethnicity and race are related concepts in that both are usually defined in terms of shared genealogy.[11] （家譜學(xué)、家系學(xué)） Often, ethnicity also connotes shared cultural, linguistic, behavioural or religious traits. Race, by contrast, refers to “some concentrations（濃度、純度） , as relative to frequency and distribution, of hereditary（遺傳） particles (genes) and physical characters, which appear, fluctuate（變動(dòng)） , and often disappear in the course of time by reason of geographic and or cultural isolation.“ 取材自 Wikipedia Ethnicity and race In 1950, the UNESCO （ 聯(lián)合國(guó)教育科學(xué)與文化組織 ）statement The Race Question, signed by some of the internationally renowned scholars of the time (including Ashley Montagu, Claude L233。viStrauss, Gunnar Myrdal, Julian Huxley, etc.), suggested that: “National, religious, geographic, linguistic and cultural groups do not necessarily coincide（相同
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