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2022/8/15 YAO Zheng Lecture1 28 Using Search Engines Good when have specific questions, . ? What research are IBM doing in ubiquitous puting? ? What papers has Professor Blah Blah from the University of Dilly Dally published recently? BUT.. ? No search engine covers the whole of the Web ?GOOGLE is the best? ? Search engines will not retrieve articles held within online databases 2022/8/15 YAO Zheng Lecture1 29 Reliable: What are the author?s credentials ? Is the publication accredited ? Valid: Is the information up to date or is it outdated ? Accurate: Is the information presented objectively ? Check for supporting evidence of claims . references. Be wary of misquotes or misrepresentations Authoritative: Check for information on the author amp。 the publication – is it academic or popular ? Timely: Check publication dates. Is the information current ? Biased: Does the work consider all viewpoints and use material from many and varied sources, or is it narrow, unbalanced and biased ? 文獻(xiàn)鑒別 2022/8/15 YAO Zheng Lecture1 30 文獻(xiàn)閱讀 1st pass: ? Skim read for relevance 2nd pass: ? Read for information (content). Annotate and highlight as you read. Write a summary for each work 3rd –nth pass: ? Read critically and with increasing attention to detail. Read with specific questions in mind. Record what you are learning in memos. Analyze your memos (. search for mon themes/trends/issues) 2022/8/15 YAO Zheng Lecture1 31 成為一名主動(dòng)的讀者和聽眾 titleabstractintroductionconclusions ? 在掌握所有細(xì)節(jié)之前, 瀏覽整個(gè)文章,盡量找到那些關(guān)鍵點(diǎn) 。如果還覺(jué)得它是有關(guān)和值得的,就回去繼續(xù)看 ? 跳過(guò)你已經(jīng)知道的部分(比如背景和動(dòng)機(jī)) 總結(jié)所讀的每個(gè)主題( 在讀完幾篇相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)后) ? 關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題 ? 所描述問(wèn)題的不同表達(dá)形式 ? 不同方法之間的關(guān)系 ? 替代的方法 用筆記錄自己讀過(guò)和聽過(guò)的東西 自己的思考( speculations)、感興趣的難題、可能的解決方法、要查看的 參考書目、筆記、文章的概要 ,有趣的印證 階段性的復(fù)習(xí) 可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這些思想是不是開始收斂 2022/8/15 YAO Zheng Lecture1 32 由量變到質(zhì)變 … 對(duì)于初次進(jìn)入一個(gè)領(lǐng)域的新手,必須閱讀大量的文獻(xiàn),才能把握本領(lǐng)域的動(dòng)態(tài)和方向 對(duì)新手而言,應(yīng)當(dāng)重視閱讀文獻(xiàn)的數(shù)量,積累多了,自然就由量變發(fā)展為質(zhì)變了 ? 每個(gè)作者的研究方法多少有所區(qū)別,讀得多了,漸漸就會(huì)比較出研究方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn),對(duì)自己今后的研究大有裨益 2022/8/15 YAO Zheng Lecture1 33 常見錯(cuò)誤 1. Carrying out a hurried review of the literature in order to get started on the research project. 2. Relying too heavily upon secondary sources. 3. Overrelying on Inter sources or accepting them uncritically. 4. Concentrating on the findings when reading research articles, and overlooking valuable information about methods, measures, and so forth 5. Failing to define satisfactorily the topic limits of the review of the literature 2022/8/15 YAO Zheng Lecture1 34 Organizing the Literature The large amount of literature that you need to report on can be better handled if it is well anized. However, at the graduate level it is not sufficient to simply summarize all that has been said. Student writers need to demonstrate some authority within the field: ? The summarizing approach ? The authoritative approach 2022/8/15 YAO Zheng Lecture1 35 The Summary Approach Often the first attempt at writing a literature review a tendency to contain paragraphs, each devoted to one particular reading, but all of which often constitute little more than a list of summaries from texts that have been read. a tendency not to interpret any of the material that has been read. Very often confidence in one39。s own point of