【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 y. As a result, dates of higher quality, Grade 2, were used as substitutes. The seller proudly marked the invoice, “Dates of Grade 2 sold at the price of Grade 3”.(1) Could the buyer refuse to accept the goods? Why or why not?(2) Would you do differently if you were the seller? How?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：a. 聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約第三十五條（１）賣(mài)方交付的貨物必須與合同所規(guī)定的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量和規(guī)格相符，并須按照合同所規(guī)定的方式裝箱或包裝。 b. 合同本身的品質(zhì)規(guī)定是“Grade 3” c. 實(shí)際所交貨物的品質(zhì)是“Grade 2”。（1） 答案：Yes, 買(mǎi)方可以拒收貨物。不論品質(zhì)比規(guī)定的好或差，只要實(shí)際所交貨物的品質(zhì)是與合同本身的品質(zhì)規(guī)定不同，就是不符。在此情況下，買(mǎi)方有權(quán)利拒收貨物。答題切入點(diǎn)：品質(zhì)不符的理解。（2）答案：Yes, 如果我是賣(mài)方，我會(huì)與買(mǎi)方磋商，尋求買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方都能接受的處理方法。答題切入點(diǎn)：與買(mǎi)方磋商解決。2. ABX Company sent a sample of exporting goods to a German buyer during negotiation. Later, a contract was signed, and the provision of the goods was, “Moisture: 14%。 Impurity: 4%.” Before shipment, the seller again cabled the buyer, “Quality as per sample”. After taking the delivery, the buyer had the goods inspected. Although the quality conformed to the terms of the contract, it was lower than that of the sample by 7%. As a result, the buyer filed a claim for pensation. Did the seller make any mistake? Why or why not?析：答案是Yes. 買(mǎi)方可以向賣(mài)方提出索賠, 因?yàn)橘u(mài)方交付的貨物的品質(zhì)與樣品不符；在這筆交易中，賣(mài)方犯了起碼兩個(gè)錯(cuò)誤：錯(cuò)誤(1)： 品質(zhì)條款沒(méi)有品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)某些產(chǎn)品（如農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品等）的質(zhì)量具一定的不穩(wěn)定性，為了交易的順利進(jìn)行，在規(guī)定其品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的同時(shí)，應(yīng)制定一定的品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)幅度，允許賣(mài)方所交的貨物的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)在一定的幅度內(nèi)有靈活性。否則單一的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)難以達(dá)到，往往給賣(mài)方履行合同帶來(lái)困難。答題的切入點(diǎn)：品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)條款錯(cuò)誤(2)：品質(zhì)規(guī)定用了雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，既憑合同規(guī)格買(mǎi)賣(mài)，又憑樣品買(mǎi)賣(mài)。表示品質(zhì)的方法很多，品質(zhì)條款應(yīng)視商品的特性而定，采取合理的品質(zhì)規(guī)定。凡是能用一種方法表示某種品質(zhì)的，一般就不宜用兩種或兩種以上的方法來(lái)表示。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約，如同時(shí)采用既憑樣品又憑規(guī)格買(mǎi)賣(mài)，則要求賣(mài)方交付的貨物的品質(zhì)必須既與樣品一致，又要符合合同所規(guī)定規(guī)格，要做到兩全其美，難以辦得到，往往給賣(mài)方履行合同帶來(lái)困難。答題的切入點(diǎn)：品質(zhì)規(guī)定的雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，既憑合同規(guī)格又憑樣品買(mǎi)賣(mài)3. X Company signed a contract to export rice. The quantity was 10,000 tons. After taking the delivery, the foreign buyer demanded an additional 160 metric tons of rice. What went wrong?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：合約中的數(shù)量為“噸”，是不明確的規(guī)定。 “噸”，在實(shí)行公制的國(guó)家一般理解為公噸，每噸為1000公斤；在實(shí)行英制的國(guó)家一般理解為長(zhǎng)噸，每噸為1016公斤；在實(shí)行美制的國(guó)家一般理解為短噸，每噸為907公斤。所以，當(dāng)賣(mài)方理解為公噸，每噸為1000公斤；而買(mǎi)方理解為長(zhǎng)噸，每噸為1016公斤是， 這份合約下賣(mài)方實(shí)際交貨的數(shù)量與買(mǎi)方預(yù)期收貨數(shù)量的差別為160 公噸 [（1016 kg – 1000 kg ） X 10,0000 = 160 000kg = 160 metric tons]。答案：是買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方對(duì)合約數(shù)量規(guī)定的“噸”有不同的理解。答題的切入點(diǎn)：a. 數(shù)量規(guī)定不明確；b. 不同度量衡制度下的“噸”表示的實(shí)際數(shù)量不同。4. A Beijing pany signed a contract to import wool from Australia. The quantity was specified as “20 M/T”. When the wool was delivered, it had a regain of 33%.(1) What is a regain?(2) Why did the buyer get a bad deal?(3) If the standard regain is 10%, and actual regain is 33%, what is the conditionedweight?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：a. 文中提到合同約定的數(shù)量是“20MT”，應(yīng)理解為凈重。因?yàn)橛?jì)算重量的方法有毛重，凈重，公量等，而根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約第五十六條，如果價(jià)格是按貨物的重量規(guī)定的，如有疑問(wèn)，應(yīng)按凈重確定。b. 合同商品的羊毛，具有較強(qiáng)的吸濕性，其所含的水分受客觀環(huán)境的影響較大，故其重量很不穩(wěn)定。為了準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算這類商品的重量，國(guó)際貿(mào)易中買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方通常會(huì)約定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（公定）回潮率， 采用按公量計(jì)算的辦法。(1) 答案：回潮是指貨物（纖維材料）在環(huán)境溫度下吸濕含水的現(xiàn)象。 回潮率則是指貨物（纖維材料）含水重量占貨物（纖維材料）干重的百分比 答題的切入點(diǎn)：回潮（率）的概念(2) 答案：買(mǎi)方這筆交易不劃算。因?yàn)楹贤袥](méi)有明確規(guī)定計(jì)算重量的方法，只能按凈重計(jì)算。因此當(dāng)賣(mài)方實(shí)際交貨的羊毛，因具有較強(qiáng)的吸濕性而其所含的水分高達(dá)33%是，買(mǎi)方也別無(wú)他法，只得按凈重（連帶33%的水分）計(jì)算付款?！?Conditioned Weight = Dried Net Weight x(1+ Standard Regain)= Net Weight x 1+ Standard Regain 1+ Actual Regain∴ Dried Net Weight = Net Weight / (1+ Actual Regain)= 20 / (1+33%) = M/TMoisture content = Actual Weight – Dried Net Weight= 20 – = M/Tor ∵Regain = (moisture content / oven dried weight) x 100%= (moisture content / actual weight –moisture content) x 100% ∴Moisture content = (regain x actual weight)/(1+regain)= (33% x 20)/(1+33%) = M/TDried net weight = actual weight –moisture content= 20 – = M/T答題的切入點(diǎn)：合同約定計(jì)算重量的方法不明確(3) 答案：如按公量計(jì)算， 公噸。計(jì)算：Conditioned Weight = Net Weight x1+ Standard Regain 1+ Actual Regain = 20 x [(1+ 10%)/(1+33%)] = M/T答題的切入點(diǎn)：公量的計(jì)算Chapter fiveVI. Case Studies1. ABC co. signed a contract to export 200 M/T of beans. The letter of creditstipulated, “Partial shipment not allowed”. When the shipment was being made, the exporter loaded 100 M/T each on board the same vessel for the same voyage at the port of Shanghai and the port of Dalian. The shipment document was clearly marked with the ports of shipment and the dates of shipment. Did the exporter violate the terms of the L/C?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：UCP600第三十一條：次航程運(yùn)輸?shù)臄?shù)套運(yùn)輸單據(jù)在同一次提交時(shí)，只要顯示相同目的地，將不視為部分發(fā)運(yùn)，即使運(yùn)輸單據(jù)上表明的發(fā)運(yùn)日期不同或裝貨港、接管地或發(fā)運(yùn)地點(diǎn)不同。案例雖然沒(méi)有說(shuō)明貨物是否在同一目的港卸貨，但如果沒(méi)有強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)明，一般認(rèn)為是同一個(gè)目的地。答案：No, 賣(mài)方?jīng)]有違反信用證“不允許裝船” 的規(guī)定。答題切入點(diǎn)：對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)船的定義和相關(guān)規(guī)定的理解。3. A Chinese exporter signed a CIF contract with a foreign importer. Payment wasto be made by irrevocable sight L/C. Both the contract and the L/C prohibited transshipment. Within the validity of the Credit, the exporter shipped the cargo on board a liner sailing direct to the port of destination, and presented the direct B/L for negotiation. Later the foreign issuing bank also made payment against the direct B/L forwarded by the negotiation bank. However, in order to collect some other cargos, the carrying vessel unloaded the cargo at an intermediate port without authorization. The cargo was instead reloaded on to an old vessel, and thus arrived at the destination two months late. As a result, the buyer lodged a claim against the Chinese side for fraud, since the cargo was actually transshipped even though the direct B/L was issued. Finally the exporter accepted the claim and made pensation as requested, as he thought that he, as the person booking the vessel, should be liable for the carrier39。s unauthorized transshipment.(1) Do you think the settlement of this case appropriate?(2) Who should bear the loss? Why?(3) Who should be liable for the damage? Why?(4) What should the seller do?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：a. 信用證規(guī)定不允許轉(zhuǎn)船； b. 賣(mài)方與承運(yùn)人簽訂的運(yùn)輸合同是要求直達(dá)船運(yùn)輸?shù)?，有直達(dá)提單為證； c. 承運(yùn)人中途卸貨轉(zhuǎn)船是其單方面的違約行為。（1）答案：No。 賣(mài)方不應(yīng)賠償買(mǎi)方的損失。答題切入點(diǎn)： a. CIF的性質(zhì)和賣(mài)方的責(zé)任 b. 中途卸貨轉(zhuǎn)船的責(zé)任人。（2）答案：買(mǎi)方自己而不應(yīng)由賣(mài)方承擔(dān)損失。答題切入點(diǎn)：貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)CIF風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移。（3）答案：承運(yùn)人應(yīng)對(duì)貨損負(fù)責(zé)。答題切入點(diǎn)：a. Direct B/L的含義 b. 造成貨損的直接原因及其責(zé)任方。（4）答案：賣(mài)方可建議并協(xié)助買(mǎi)方直接向承運(yùn)人交涉并索賠。 答題切入點(diǎn)：賣(mài)方不是貨損的責(zé)任人。acceptance承兌factoring保理業(yè)；actualtotalloss實(shí)際全損forfe；advalorem從價(jià)運(yùn)費(fèi)fortuitousa；additional附屬費(fèi)franchise免賠；advancedB/L預(yù)簽提單freightra；airtransportation空運(yùn)freig；airwaybill空運(yùn)單generalaver；anteacceptance 承兌 factoring 保理業(yè)務(wù)actual total loss 實(shí)際全損 forfeiting 包買(mǎi)票據(jù)ad valorem 從價(jià)運(yùn)費(fèi) fortuitous accidents 意外事故additional 附屬費(fèi) franchise 免賠率advanced B/L 預(yù)簽提單 freight