【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 m swum snow snowed snowed eat ate eaten love loved loved fly flew flown spread spread spread hit hit hit drink drank drunk take took taken grow grew grown sell sold sold ride rode ridden steal stole stolen break broke broken walk walked walked read read read sing sang sung work worked worked 以下的句子都是用了現(xiàn)在完成式： I have read this book. I have seen the movie. I have lived here since 1973. I have studied English for a long time. He has washed his hands. He has left. He has already pleted the report. The storm has arrived. I have taken the job. I have written the letters. I have not seen him since 1975. I have never seen this man before. 什么情況之下要用現(xiàn)在完成式呢？ 1. 首先假設我們有一件事，發(fā)生在過去，而一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，就要用現(xiàn)在完成式，這種句子后面常有 since 或 for。以下是這種情形的例子： （1）自從 1963 年，我一直在念英文。I have studied English since 1963. （2）自從 1975 年以后，我就住在這里。I have lived here since 1975. （3）自從我是一個小孩子，我就喜歡搖滾樂。I have loved rock and roll music since I was a child. （4）自從去年，我就從來沒有見過他。Since last year, I have never seen him. （5）自從 1950 年以后，他就一直在此工作。He has worked here since 1950. （6）我認識他已經(jīng)很久了。I have known him for a long time. （7）他練習網(wǎng)球已經(jīng)四年了。He has already practiced tennis for （the past） four years. （8）我穿這件夾克很久了。I have worn this jacket for a very long time. 9 （9）我開這輛汽車很久了。I have driven this car for a long time. （10）好久沒有下雨了。It has not rained for a long time. 2. 使用現(xiàn)在完成式的另一情況是強調(diào)已經(jīng)完成的事，比方說，你說〝我已經(jīng)寫了那封信〞，就可以用現(xiàn)在完成式，或者，你說〝他已經(jīng)完成了工作〞。以下是這類的例子： （1）我已經(jīng)寫了這封信。 I have already written the letter. （2）他已經(jīng)完成了工作。He has already pleted the work. （3）我已經(jīng)測試了這個程序。I have already tested the program. （4）我已經(jīng)收到了你的信。I have already received your letter. （5）他已搬到了一個較大的房子。He has already moved to a bigger house. （6）雖然他很年輕，但他已寫了三本小說。Although he is young, he has already written three novels. （7）我打了二次電話給他，他都沒有回答。I called him twice, he has never answered. 3. 現(xiàn)在完成式用來表示一種經(jīng)驗，舉例來說，〝我曾經(jīng)到過美國〞、〝我曾見過李總統(tǒng)〞、〝我有生以來沒有跳過舞〞，這些都應該用現(xiàn)在完成式，例如： （1） 我曾經(jīng)到過美國。I have been to America. （2） 我曾見過李總統(tǒng)。I have seen President Lee. （3） 我有生以來沒有跳過舞。I have never danced in my life. （4） 我看過〝雙城記〞。I have read The Tale of Two Cities. （5） 他曾吃過這種冰淇淋。He has tasted this kind of ice cream. （6） 我未曾見過雪。I have never seen snow. （7） 你曾見過雪嗎？Have you ever seen snow? （8） 你登過玉山嗎？Have you ever climbed Jade Mountain？ 4. 現(xiàn)在完成式可以用來表示一件過去常發(fā)生的事： （1） 今年我國已有二次臺風。We have already had two typhoons so far this year. （2） 他今年已發(fā)表了三篇論文。He has already published three papers this year. （3） 過去一年，我看了三次〝鐵達尼號〞。In the past year, I have seen The Titanic three times. 對讀者而言，最重要的是〝現(xiàn)在完成式〞和〝過去式〞不同究竟在那里？最重要的不同在于，一旦在句子中講一件過去發(fā)生的事，而且指定特定的時間，就一定要用〝過去式〞，而不能用〝現(xiàn)在完成式〞。比方說，〝我曾經(jīng)看過「鐵達尼號」〞，可以用現(xiàn)在完成式，因為這句話沒有指明任何特定的時間，假如說，〝我昨天晚上去看「鐵達尼號」〞，就一定用過去式，讀者不妨看看以下的比較： （a）I went to America last year.I have been to America. （b）I saw The Titanic last year.I have seen The Titanic twice. （c）I finished my homework late last night.I have finally finished my homework. （d）I studied English when I was a small child.I have studied English since I was a child. （e）I went to church yesterday.I have never been to church. 以下的句子是錯的，請?zhí)貏e注意： ＊（1）I have seen the movie last year. ＊（2）I have never been to America last year. ＊（3）He has never finished his work last night. 現(xiàn)在完成式常和 since、for 、already、never 、ever 等字一起使用，以下都是這類的例子： （1）I have already had dinner. （2）Since this summer began, we have already had two storms. （3）It has not rained for a long time. （4）I have never talked to this man before. （5）I have never met your father. （6）Have you ever been to America? （7）He has already won three awards. （8）I have stayed here since June. Never 和 ever 也常是我們弄不清楚如何使用的字，一般說來， never 有否定的意思，ever 則只有在問句中才會出現(xiàn)。 【練習十一】 10 將以下句子譯成英文，全部用現(xiàn)在完成式： 1980 年，我就每天早上游泳。 。 。 ，他就是一個基督徒（Christian）。 。 。 。 ，他都沒有回。 。 1975 年以來，他一直是一位老師。 。 （Gone with the Wind）。 。 。 。 【練習十二】 將以下句子譯成英文，有的用過去式，有的用現(xiàn)在完成式 〝亂世佳人〞（Gone with the Wind）。 〝亂世佳人〞。 ，我住在美國。 1985 年，我就一直住在美國。 。 。 。 ，我見到了你的父親。 。 。 【練習十三】 填充 1. I （bee） a Christian when I was a child. 2. I （be） a Christian all my life. 3. He （ live） here since 1939. 4. Stop eating now. You （eat） too much. 5. It （rain） last night. 6. John is a writer. He （written） thirteen novels. 7. Last night, I （see ） your father for the first time in my life. 8. I （talk） to my father last night. 9. Since 1961, I （be） a teacher. Before that, I （be ） a student. 10. I （read） many novels written by Charles Dickens. 4167。2 現(xiàn)在完成進行式（Present Perfect Progressive Tense） 在上一節(jié)，我們知道，如果有一個行動，從過去發(fā)生后，就一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成式。舉例來說，以下的例子都應該用現(xiàn)在完成式： （1） 自從 1974 年，我就在學校學英文。Since 1974, I have studied English at school. （2） 自從我大學畢業(yè)以后，我就在這里工作。Since I graduated from college, I have worked here. 以第一句話為例，假如我們要強調(diào)我一直在練習游泳，而且沒有間斷，我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成進行式（present perfect progressive tense）。所謂現(xiàn)在完成進行式，形式：verb to have + been + present participle verb to have 是為了完成式，been 和 present participle 都是為了進行式。 以下是現(xiàn)在完成進行式的例子： I have been studying English since 1974. I have been working here since I graduated from college. I have been living here since I was a child. He has been acting like a fool lately.（他最近一直在做傻事） They have been dancing since seven o’clock. It has been snowing since yesterday. I have been taking music lessons since last year. He has been drinking heavily since last year.（他去年起，就一直在酗酒） 【練習十四】 將以下的句子譯成英文，全部用現(xiàn)在完成進行式： 1. 自從我們是小孩子起，我們就一直努力工作。 2. 從去年起，他就在念英文。 3. 從昨天起，就一直在下雨。 4. 從五時起，他就在做功課（do homework ）。 5. 從三歲起，我就一直住在臺中。 4167。3 過去完成進行式（Past Perfect Progressive Tense） 過去完成式的形式：had + past participle 11 過去完成式是不能單獨用的。我們用的時候，必須有另一個事件。也就是說，假如我們有兩件事 A 和 B，兩件事都發(fā)生在過去，但 A 發(fā)生在 B 以前，A 應該用過去完成式，B 則用過去式。以下是幾個例子： （1） 他到臺灣以前，曾學過中文。He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwa