【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ney to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎？) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的) sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別：sound指各種聲音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音) fish的問題：指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同；fishes 指許多種類的魚；fish指“魚肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)三、代詞：代詞的分類：英語中代詞分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。人稱代詞：人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。主格用來作句子的主語、表語。如： I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去購物) / Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎？) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了？) / That’s it.(就那么回事) / It’s he!(是他！)賓格用來作及物動詞或者介詞的賓語。如：Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語？) / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)人稱代詞作表語或者放在比較狀語從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語中大多用賓格。如：Who is it?(是誰？) –It’s I/me.(是我。) 三個(gè)不同人稱同時(shí)出現(xiàn),或者主語中包含“我”時(shí),按照“you→he→I”的順序表達(dá)。如：Both he and I are working at that puter pany.(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰要去那兒？) –You and me.(你和我) 人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時(shí)間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語或者賓語的不定式、動名詞或者名詞性從句。如：What’s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣？)—It’s fine.(天氣晴好) / What’s the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦？) –It’s 12：00.(12點(diǎn)) / It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好長的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺要學(xué)好一門外語是非常困難的)物主代詞：說明事物所屬關(guān)系的代詞,分為形容詞性和名詞性兩種。形容詞性物主代詞只能作句子中名詞的修飾語,后面要跟名詞。如：Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書)名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語、賓語或者表語,后面千萬不可以跟名詞。如：This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒？) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語時(shí)放在名詞的后面。如：A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個(gè)來看我。)[試比較] My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天來看我了)(指我的那個(gè)特定的朋友來看我。)反身代詞：表示謂語的動作與主語有關(guān)或者賓語補(bǔ)足語的動作與賓語有關(guān)。反身代詞在句子中作賓語表示反射(指一個(gè)動作回到該動作執(zhí)行者本身)。如：Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那會割傷你的)在句子中作同位語表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞或代詞的語氣)。如：The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好) 指示代詞： 指示說明近處或者遠(yuǎn)處、上文或者下文、以前或者現(xiàn)在的人或事物。單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 含義this(這個(gè)) these(這些) 指較近的人和物that(那個(gè)) those(那些) 指較遠(yuǎn)的人和物such (這樣的人/物) 指上文提過的人和物same (同樣的人/物) 指和上文提過的相同的人和物it (這人/這物) 指不太清楚是誰或者是什么時(shí)指示代詞既可以單獨(dú)使用做句子的主語、賓語或表語,也可以作定語修飾名詞。如：What’s this?(這是什么？) / That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飛機(jī)是塑料做的)(被動句) / Remember never to do such things.(記得永遠(yuǎn)不要做這樣的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老師說的做)/ Who is it?(是誰？) It’s me!(是我！)關(guān)系代詞：用來引導(dǎo)定語從句的代詞叫關(guān)系代詞,參見后面的定語從句。關(guān)系代詞who 、which、 that 、whom 等,將定語從句和主句連接起來。英語中的關(guān)系代詞一方面在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分,另一方面又起連接作用。 如：The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在畫畫的學(xué)生是一年級的)關(guān)系代詞who / whom指人,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。如：Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你認(rèn)識那個(gè)戴著紅帽子的男人嗎？)關(guān)系代詞which 指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。如：Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到幾天前丟失的那本書了嗎？)關(guān)系代詞that既可指人也可指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。如：Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得見順著河跑的男人/狗了嗎？)連接代詞：用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句、主語從句或表語從句的連接詞稱連接代詞。 英語中連接代詞主要有：what(什么),who(誰),whom(誰),which(哪個(gè)),whose(誰的)。詳見相應(yīng)從句。不定代詞：代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。單數(shù)含義 someany nonone / / each(every) one either,neither so the other,another 復(fù)合不定代詞不可數(shù)含義 much little,a little all / / / / /復(fù)數(shù)含義 many few,a few ones both others,the others ※ 注：復(fù)合不定代詞有12個(gè)：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(沒事),nobody(沒有人), no one(沒有人), everything(一切), everyone(每個(gè)人), everybody(每個(gè)人). (1)some和 any 的用法：some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“幾個(gè)”、“一些”、“某個(gè)”作定語時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。如：I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他們有朝一日會去那兒) some 用于疑問句時(shí),表示建議、請求或希望得到肯定回答。如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡嗎？)any 一般用于疑問句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一個(gè)”,作定語時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如：They didn’t have any friends here. (他們在這里沒有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有問題要問嗎？)any 用于肯定句時(shí),意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(隨便帶什么朋友來吧。)(2)no和none的用法：no是形容詞,只能作定語表示,意思是“沒有”,修飾可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))或不可數(shù)名詞。如：There is no time left. Please hurry up.(沒有時(shí)間了,請快點(diǎn)) / They had no reading books to lend.(他們沒有閱讀用書可以出借)none只能獨(dú)立使用,在句子中可作主語、賓語和表語,意思是“沒有一個(gè)人(或事物)”,表示復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)。如：None of them is/are in the classroom.(他們當(dāng)中沒有一個(gè)在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的書,但沒有一本是有趣的) (3)all和both的用法：all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞；也可用來代替或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。both指兩個(gè)人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞。all和both在句子中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。如：I know all of the four British students in their school.(他們學(xué)校里四個(gè)英國學(xué)生我全認(rèn)識) / Would you like this one or that one? –Both.(你要這個(gè)還是那個(gè)？兩個(gè)都要。)all和both既可以修飾名詞(all/both+(the)+名詞),也可以獨(dú)立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如：All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都調(diào)皮)(4)every和each用法：every是形容詞,只能作定語修飾單數(shù)名詞,意思是“每一個(gè)”,表示整體概念；each是形容詞、代詞,可用作主語、賓語、定語等,意思是“每個(gè)”或者“各個(gè)”,表示單個(gè)概念；each可以放在名詞前,可以后跟of短語,與動詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)要放在“be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞”之后或者行為動詞之前every和each都用作單數(shù)理解,但是下文中既可以用單數(shù)的代詞(如he/him/his)也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的代詞(如they/them/their)替代。如：Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每個(gè)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)都很用功) / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他們很忙,人人都有事干) (5)either和neither的用法：either意思是“兩個(gè)中間的任何一個(gè)”；neither是either的否定形式,意思是“兩個(gè)都不”。neither和either在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語等,都用作單數(shù)。如：I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,兩個(gè)之中隨便哪個(gè)都行) / Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公車去還是坐轎車去？一個(gè)都不坐,我坐火車去。)(6)oth