淺析海上保險(xiǎn)中的“海盜險(xiǎn)”(編輯修改稿)
2025-07-21 21:56 本頁(yè)面
【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 人保1981年的海洋運(yùn)輸貨物保險(xiǎn)條款并不承保海盜險(xiǎn)。要投保海盜險(xiǎn)，則需要另外投保海洋運(yùn)輸貨物戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)條款，其中關(guān)于承保海盜風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的條款規(guī)定如下：“一、責(zé)任范圍 本保險(xiǎn)負(fù)責(zé)賠償： （一）直接由于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、類似戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)行為和敵對(duì)行為、武裝沖突或海盜行為所致的損失。 ……”同樣，我國(guó)的保險(xiǎn)條款中雖然有關(guān)于承保海盜風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的規(guī)定，但是它們也都沒(méi)有對(duì)“海盜行為”作出明確的定義。另外，各國(guó)的保險(xiǎn)法中也沒(méi)有關(guān)于海盜行為的界定，只是在英國(guó)1906年海上保險(xiǎn)法的保險(xiǎn)單解釋規(guī)則的第8條對(duì)海盜行為略有提及：“The term ‘Pirates’ includes passengers who mutiny and rioters who attack the ship from the shore.”但這一規(guī)定只是對(duì)海盜行為的補(bǔ)充規(guī)定，它并沒(méi)有對(duì)海盜行為作出全面的定義。雖然在保險(xiǎn)法領(lǐng)域并沒(méi)有關(guān)于海盜行為的定義，但是其他的國(guó)際公約以及國(guó)際組織卻對(duì)海盜行為作出了定義。例如，1982年聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約規(guī)定：“Article 101Piracy consists of any of the following acts: a) any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, mitted for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private aircraft, and directed:i) on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft。ii) against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State。b) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a private ship or aircraft。c) any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in subparagraph (a) or (b).Article 102Piracy by a warship, government ship or government aircraft whose crew has mutinied The acts of piracy, as defined in article 101, mitted by a warship, government ship or government aircraft whose crew has mutinied and taken control of the ship or aircraft are assimilated to acts mitted by a private ship or aircraft.”根據(jù)上述國(guó)際法的規(guī)定，海盜行為的成立要件有：1）有武力行為；2）由他船的船員或者乘客實(shí)施行為；3）行為不合法，且出于私利；4）行為發(fā)生在公海上，或者不在某一國(guó)的主權(quán)管轄范圍內(nèi)。另外，國(guó)際海事局也對(duì)海盜行為作了定義，具體如下：“An act of boarding any vessel with the intent to mit theft or any other crime and with the intent or capability to use force in the furtherance of that act.”雖然有上述國(guó)際公約和國(guó)際組織的規(guī)定，但是它們主要都是從國(guó)際法的角度去解釋海盜行為，其是否適用于保險(xiǎn)法領(lǐng)域還有待商榷。不過(guò)從海上保險(xiǎn)法的實(shí)踐來(lái)看，大家似乎都比較認(rèn)同以下關(guān)于海盜行為的成立條件：1）行為發(fā)生的地理范圍可以比較寬泛，只要是發(fā)生在海上即可，沒(méi)有領(lǐng)土或者是國(guó)家限制；2）在行為之前或者行為當(dāng)時(shí)，行為人使用武力或者威脅使用武力；3）行為人的動(dòng)機(jī)是出于私利。以上是對(duì)于海盜行為的傳統(tǒng)界定。以往的海盜行為主要表現(xiàn)為海盜登上船舶，對(duì)船上財(cái)產(chǎn)進(jìn)行掠奪以及損壞船舶或者貨物，只要海盜的這種破壞行為符合了海上保險(xiǎn)領(lǐng)域?qū)τ诤１I行為的成立條件，
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