【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 I feel very happy, more friends than have been invited came. than：代表：than the friends whoI have more money than you do. 這里的do可以省略，所以I have more money than you. 就可以了。as：一般和such連用，such...as...表示：像...一樣的...I have such a car as you do. 這里do代表have，避免重復(fù)。as：as the car whichas做準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞：前面要有名詞S030.I don39。t like such people as lie. as: as the people whobut也可以做準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞：唯一句式：There is no + ，可以用but來取代who...not, whom...not, which...not例：沒有人不喜歡他，There is no one who does39。t like him. 把who not 去掉，剩下：There is no one but does like him. 再把does去掉，like加s。變成：There is no one but likes him。這個(gè)是固定用法。There is no music which I am not fond of. 沒有什么音樂我不喜歡，所以可以變成：There is no music but I am fond of.S031.非謂語動(dòng)詞：1. 不定式；，包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞；3. 動(dòng)名詞1. 不定式：to + 原形動(dòng)詞（1）. 可以做名詞：study abroad，可以用to study abroad做主語，表示想要怎么樣，沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。（2）. 可以做動(dòng)詞的賓語：表示一種意愿，想要... 例：我要看電影 I want to go to the movies. 不定式做賓語。表示意愿的動(dòng)詞：plan, expect, hope都要加不定式做賓語。例外：There are exceptions to every rule. 其中exceptions后面是加to，不是of。anticipate也是期待的意思，但是不加不定式，要加動(dòng)名詞。I anticipate going to the movies.S032.（3）. 形容詞性的不定式：放在名詞后面。I have a lot of things to do. I have something to do.先決條件：前面這個(gè)名詞同時(shí)要做不定式中的動(dòng)詞的賓語，例如上句：things做do的賓語。否則，就要做介詞的賓語。例：He gave me something to remember him. 錯(cuò)的，因?yàn)閔im是remember的賓語，something就無法做了。所以句尾要加個(gè)by。He gave me something to remember him by.例：Please give me a pen to write. Pen不能做write的賓語，所以需要加介詞with，Please give me a pen to write with.（4）. 副詞性的不定式：放在動(dòng)詞或者完整句構(gòu)后面。例：I sang to please her. to please her作為一個(gè)副詞修飾前面的sung。S033.注意：副詞性不定式放在句尾的時(shí)候，前面不要加逗號(hào)。但是，如果在句首，一定要在后面加逗號(hào)。例：To please her, I sang a song. （5）. 原形不定式：就是前面不加to，直接用原形動(dòng)詞。知 覺類動(dòng)詞：三大類：a. 看：see，watch（密切注意），look at（盯著看），notice（注意），behold（注視）；b. 聽：hear，listen to（注意聽），listen up（認(rèn)真聽）；c. 感覺：feel 這三類屬于不完全及物動(dòng)詞，加了賓語后，后面可以放原形動(dòng)詞（強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，比如：看到……已經(jīng)做……），現(xiàn)在分詞（強(qiáng)調(diào)正在發(fā)生的事，比如：看 到……正在做……），過去分詞（強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)）做賓語補(bǔ)充語。例：放原形動(dòng)詞：I saw him open the door. 看見他開門了。I heard him sing in the room. 我聽見他在屋里唱歌了。I felt her touch my hand. 我感覺她碰我手了。例：放現(xiàn)在分詞：I saw peter kissing Mary. 開門時(shí)，看到peter在吻mary。例： 放過去分詞：I saw peter punished by the teacher. 我看到peter被老師懲罰。I felt my hand touched. 我感覺手被碰了。I have heard this story told many times. 我聽了這個(gè)故事被說了很多次了。S034.實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：a. 表示叫……的時(shí)候，make，have，bid，get：make/have sb do sth. I made him paint the walls. I had him copy the lesson 20 times.注意：bid吩咐，I bade him wash the car. 這個(gè)詞加不加to都可以，I bade him to wash the car.主動(dòng)改被動(dòng)的時(shí)候，就要加to：He was made to paint the walls. 但是注意：have是不可以這樣用的，沒有was had這種用法。但是，get加賓語后必須有to。make和have后面加賓語后不加to，bid后面加不加都可以，get必須加to。I will get him to paint the walls.b. 表示把……的時(shí)候，have，get，加賓語后要加過去分詞。I had my car washed。我剛把車子洗了。例外：help，加賓語后加不加to都可以，后面用動(dòng)詞原形。help me do the work. / help me to do the work. assist，加賓語后一定不加to，要用in + 現(xiàn)在分詞：assist me in writing the letter.S035.一些需要注意的問題：不定式兩種形態(tài)：1. 原形不定式，就是動(dòng)詞原形；2. to + 動(dòng)詞原形do nothing but，后面要加原形不定式。He does nothing but play around all day. He did nothing but play around all day. 他每天貪玩，什么都不干。但 是：choose nothing but，后面的不定式，to不可以省略掉，因?yàn)閏hoose在這里也是表示一種意愿，所以expect，desire，后面也必須有to。He chose nothing but to study english. 他只選擇學(xué)英語，什么都不做。說到“全世界各地”的時(shí)候，可以用the world over. 但是前面不加介詞，除非把over去掉。English now is widely spoken the world over. choose，名詞是choice. have no choice but to 除了……別無選擇。You have no choice but to apologize to her. 同樣，option，alternative，后面也需要加to。cannot but 后面放原形不定式，表示：不得不，忍不住。注意：cannot 是合在一起的，could not 是分開的。cannot help 后面也放動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)候，help表示抗拒：resist。cannot help but 要加原形動(dòng)詞。我忍不住笑：I cannot but laugh. I cannot help laughing. I cannot help but laugh.S036.分詞：當(dāng)形容詞時(shí)：令人……用現(xiàn)在分詞，感到……用過去分詞。I was quite excited about the news. 感到很興奮。something exciting. 令人興奮。The student asked a fusing question. 學(xué)生問了個(gè)令人疑惑的問題。I am fused. 我感到很疑惑。另外：正在……，即將……用現(xiàn)在分詞，已經(jīng)……用過去分詞。這位已經(jīng)退休的老師，昨天來看我。The retired teacher came to see me yesterday. 即將退休的老師，昨天來看我。The retiring teacher came to see me yesterday.The train is gone?；疖囈呀?jīng)走了。S037.quite a bit 相當(dāng)多。It helps me quite a bit.1. 如果是及物動(dòng)詞，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語的時(shí)候，用現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)候，后面需要有賓語，如果沒有，則必須用過去分詞。I found him killed. I found him killing the girl. 2. 這個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，那么一定用現(xiàn)在分詞。I found him waiting for a girl. S038. He was walking toward me with one hand holding a knife. hold是及物動(dòng)詞，后面有賓語，所以用holdingHe was walking toward me with a knife held in one hand. 因?yàn)閔old后面沒有賓語，所以用holdedHe was walking toward me with a knife held in one hand. 可以改成：He was walking toward me with knife in hand. 表示情形，狀態(tài)時(shí)，可以用with加短語表示。S039.The rich are not necessarily happy. not necessarily 未必。rich是形容詞，前面加the，表示復(fù)數(shù)名詞。同樣，分詞做形容詞的也可以，但是表示單復(fù)數(shù)都可以。The wounded were rushed to the hospital. 也可以不加定冠詞，用Wounded people也可以。The unexpected has happened. 意外發(fā)生了。分詞做副詞：It39。s freezing cold today. 冷得發(fā)凍。書P221bite：Don39。t bite off more than your can chew. 做事量力而為。An estimated 54 people were killed in the air crash. 估計(jì)54人在空難中遇難。注意：有的形容詞也有副詞作用。He is dead wrong. dead：完全的，極端的。The answer is without doubt correct. 毫無疑問是正確的。There is no doubt that he is a nice man.分詞結(jié)構(gòu) 動(dòng)詞變化一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候，中間需要有連詞。He worked very hard and won the honor. and表示同時(shí)，因此He worked very hard but failed the exam. fail要直接加名詞做賓語?？梢杂胒ail加不定式短語也可以：fail to pass注意：如果fail后面加人做賓語，He failed me. 1. He是老師的話，表示老師讓我不及格。2. He令me失望。Don39。t fail me. 不要辜負(fù)我。如果一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，且無連詞：1. 如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，則第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分詞，如果是be動(dòng)詞，則變?yōu)閎eing，但是可以省略。He came home crying. 他邊走邊哭。他坐在角落里面看報(bào)紙。He sat in the corner reading the newspaper.S040.play 后面直接加賓語，表示：演奏，播放。play with：把玩，play with the key少小離家老大回：He left was yound and came back was old. 沒有連詞，離開和年輕是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，所以was變成being并省略，最后是：He left young and came back old. We are born and are equal. 為了表示同時(shí)，可以不用連詞，這樣變成：We are born equal. equal是修飾we，所以不用副詞形式。equal：勝任，加介詞to2. 如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生，有先后次序，那么用不定式短語。他前來看我：He came here and saw me. 變成：He came here to see me.他趕過來告訴我個(gè)故事：He rushed here to tell me the story.map也可以用作動(dòng)詞：草擬。He helped me to map out a plan. 他幫我草擬了一個(gè)計(jì)劃。里面的to可以省略。3. 如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞之間有逗號(hào)，那么無論是同時(shí)還是先后，第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞已經(jīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞。He left home at six in the morning, arriving there about four in the afternoon. He ran away quickly, looking as if something terrible had