【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 y be both intentional and unintentional. Communication Interact with people in their social roles35Most of our relationships start at the Iit level, and develop for there. Closer relationships move to the second level, IYou. 36. In “IYou” munication, people interact with one another as more than objects. 37Casual friends, work associates, and interactions with distant family members typically involve IYou munication. Communication The highest level of human interaction: move beyond social roles and into the uniqueness of the individual. IThou dialogues, we assume trust and are likely to disclose deep, more private, aspects of selves: munication patterns between lovers, parent and child, among siblings and in very close friendships are a primary vehicle for teaching cultural values no longer teach only Eurocentric cultural values。 instead, teach the experiences and values of many cultures四：?jiǎn)柎?. How to understand Intercultural Communication?Intercultural munication is the process through which people of different cultures express ideas to one another. Cultures are typically defined in terms of national citizenship or ethnicity, but do not exclude cultural differences in gender or age. Intercultural munication is made more effective through education. Intercultural studies might include learning some of the cultural norms of courtesy, gestures, and language styles of other cultures. Fields like economics, politics, linguistics, and law require successful intercultural munication. Some studies show that effective intercultural munication reduces the risk of violence between cultures.2. Hoebel and Frost (1976) define culture as? an “integrated system of learned behaviour patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritance.” For them, culture is not genetically predetermined or instinctive, for 1)Culture is transmitted and maintained through munication and learning。 that is, culture is learned. 2)Each individual is confined at birth to a specific geographic location and thus exposed to certain messages while denied others. All of these messages, whether they be about religion, food, dress, housing, toys, or books, are culturally based.Therefore, everything that a person experiences is part of his or her culture.3. Bates and Plog (1990) propose? that “culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artefacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning”. This definition includes not only patterns of behaviour but also patterns of thought (shared meanings that the members of a society attach to various phenomena, natural and intellectual, including religion and ideologies), artefacts (tools, pottery, houses, machines, works of art), and the culturally transmitted skills and techniques used to make the artefacts.4. What are the basic functions of culture?Haviland (1993) suggests that people maintain cultures to deal with problems or matters that concerns them.It is believed that culture evolved for the same reasons: it serves the basic need of laying out a predictable world in which each of us is firmly grounded and thus enables us to make sense of our surroundings.Culture makes all things easy 1)Culture helps facilitate the transition from womb to this new life by providing meaning to events, objects, and people – thus making the world a less mysterious and frightening place. 2)Culture makes life less confusing because most of culture is automatic and subconscious.5. Cultures are people’s primary means of satisfying three types of needs: Basic needs (food, shelter, physical protection)Derived needs (organization of work, distribution of food, defence, social control)Integrative needs (psychological security, social harmony, purpose in life) and Unintentional Behavior of two schoolsThe first school, represented by Miller and Steinberg, describes munication as the process whereby one person deliberately attempts to convey meaning to another.The second school believes that munication takes place whenever people attach meaning to behavior, even if the sender of the message does not expect his or her actions to be municated. Communication can influence other people whether or not such influence is intended.7. Communication is a dynamic process1)It is an ongoing activity. It is changing.2)Once a word or an action is employed, it cannot be retracted.3)All the elements of munication constantly interact with each other.4)Inattention pervades our munication behavior.8. Forms of intercultural munication1)Interracial munication(when source and receiver are from different races).2)Interethnic munication(situation in which the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins).3)Intracultural munication(munication between members of the same culture, including racial, ethnic, and other cocultures).9. What are values?Values are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts. These rules teach us what is useful, good, right, wrong, what to strive for, how to live a life, what to die for, etc.10. What do you think are dominant American cultures?1)Individualism 2) Equality 3)Materialism 4)Science and technology 5)Progress and change 6)Work and leisure 7)Competition11.. Nonverbal munication and culture?Nonverbal munication and culture are similar in that both are learned, both are passed on from generation to generation, and both involve shared understanding.Studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture’s underlying attitudes and values.Studying nonverbal behavior can also assist us in isolating our own ethnocentrism. characteristics１０1)Dominant Speaks frequently and controls