【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 an是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。2）單復(fù)同形　如：　　deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese 　　li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin　　　但除人民幣元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:a dollar, two dollars?！?a meter, two meters　 3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實為復(fù)數(shù)?！　　∪纾?people　police　cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國民總稱時，作復(fù)數(shù)用?！　　∪纾?The Chinese are industries and brave.　中國人民是勤勞勇敢的?！?4）以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：　　 a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，為不可數(shù)名詞，是單數(shù)?！　?b. news 是不可數(shù)名詞?！　?c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)?！　　he United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的?！　?d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)?！　　he Arabian Nights is a very interesting storybook. 　　　一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事書?！　?) 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses (眼鏡)　trousers,　clothes　　　 若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair(對，雙)?！uit(套)。 a pair of glasses。 two pairs of trousers　　6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化1) 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)：　　 如：　two Marys　　　　 the Henrys 　　　　 monkeymonkeys　holidayholidays　　　比較： 層樓：storey storeys　 storystories 2) 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時：　　a. 加s，如： photophotos　　pianopianos　　　　　　　　 radioradios　　zoozoos； 　　b. 加es，如：potatopotatoes　tomatotomatoes　　c. 均可，如：zerozeros / zeroes　 3) 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時： 　　a. 加s，如： beliefbeliefs　roofroofs　　　　　　　　 safesafes　 gulfgulfs；　　b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：halfhalves　　　　　knifeknives　leafleaves　wolfwolves　　　wifewives　lifelives　thiefthieves；　　c. 均可,如：　handkerchief: 　　　　　　　 handkerchiefs / handkerchieves名詞名詞可以分為專有名詞（Proper Nouns）和普通名詞 (Common Nouns），專有名詞是某個（些）人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類：　 1）個體名詞（Individual Nouns）：表示某類人或東西中的個體，如：gun。　 2）集體名詞（Collective Nouns）：表示若干個個體組成的集合體，如：family?！?3）物質(zhì)名詞（Material Nouns）：表示無法分為個體的實物，如：air?！?4）抽象名詞（Abstract Nouns）：表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計算，稱為可數(shù)名詞（Countable Nouns），物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞（Uncountable Nouns）。歸納一下，名詞的分類可以下圖表示： ______________________________________　| | 專有名詞 |　　　　　　　　 　 |　| 名 | 　　　　 | 個體名詞 |　　　　 |　|　　| 　　　　 |　　　　 | 可數(shù)名詞 | 　|　　| 　　　　 | 集體名詞 |　　　 　 |　|　　| 普通名詞 |　　　　 |　　　　　|　| 詞 | 　　　　 | 物質(zhì)名詞 |　　　 　 |　|　　| 　　　　 |　　　　　|不可數(shù)名詞|　|　　| 　　　　 | 抽象名詞 |　　　 　 |大學(xué)英語三級考試語法一、 非謂語動詞%，平均每年近5道題，可謂是語法項目考查的重點，那么非謂語動詞的考查都有哪些特點，解答時又應(yīng)注意些什么呢？下面我和大家就一起來分析一下：非謂語動詞考查特點1) 謂語動詞與非謂語動詞的判斷對謂語動詞與非謂語動詞區(qū)別的考查主要集中在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，如：All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A. had been canceled B. have been canceledC. were canceled D. having been canceled四個選項中有三個是謂語動詞，只有D是非謂語動詞，只要同學(xué)們能判斷出這里是非謂語動詞做狀語，則不用考慮時態(tài)的問題，答案自明。2) 謂語動詞后不定式與動名詞的選擇謂語動詞后接不定式還是接動名詞也是三級語法測試中的一個題眼。如：① I don39。t mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. A. you to delay making B. your delaying makingC. your delaying to make D. you delay to make② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have got in. A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed③ Your hair wants ______ . You39。d better have it done tomorrow.A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut 這類題涉及三個方面：謂語動詞后應(yīng)該接不定式還是動名詞？即可接不定式又可接動名詞時，結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上有何差別？不定式與動名詞用主動形式還是用被動形式？3) 做定語的非謂語動詞的選擇從近幾年的考查情況來看，對做定語的非謂語動詞的考查有兩種情況：(1)對一般概念的考查，而不是固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語動詞做定語。如：① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city39。stelephone network to cover 1,000,000 users. A. acplished B. being acplishedC. to be acplished D. having been acplished ② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor and selfrestraint as if I were the one ______. A. to correct B. correcting C. having been corrected D. being corrected同學(xué)們只要掌握非謂語動詞做定語的一般的規(guī)律,就可以判斷①題答案為C，②題答案為D。(2)對固定結(jié)構(gòu)的考查，如：① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory. A. to be based on B. to base onC. which to base on D. on which to base ② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.A. to pete B. peting C. to be peted D. having peted①題為不定式做定語的固定形式，答案為D，②題為某些特定名詞的定語結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為A。在英語中有些名詞，如動詞變來的名詞，形容詞變來的名詞，以及means, way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定語，不定式?jīng)]有體的變化。4) 做狀語的非謂語動詞的選擇做狀語的非謂語動詞主要考查其各種形式的選擇，如：① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus wouldfall off the edge of the earth. A. Having believed B. BelievingC. Believed D. Being Believed② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master39。s degree. A. To bee B. Bee C. One bees D. On being③ Realizing that he hadn39。t enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch. A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles. A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed 從以上各題來看，考查的側(cè)重點有：(1)狀語類別的判斷不同的狀語對非謂語動詞的要求不同，目的狀語要求用不定式，如②。(2)非謂語動詞與句子屬于之間的邏輯關(guān)系根據(jù)主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系的不同來確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞。(3)非謂語動詞的否定形式not否定非謂語動詞時置于非謂語動詞之前，如③。(4) 獨立成分有些非謂語動詞的使用不受與句子主語關(guān)系的限制，稱為獨立成分，這類成 分只記憶即可。如:generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。5) 做補(bǔ)足語的非謂語動詞的選擇做賓語補(bǔ)足語的非謂語動詞受謂語動詞的限制，不同動詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語形式要求不同。近幾年對各類賓補(bǔ)都有考查。如：① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed ② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territorydispute ______. A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go. A. to be advertised B. advertisedC. advertise D. advertising ④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose. A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating ⑥ The sale usually takes place