【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 How much6．How often7．How far②I study by working with friends／a group.我通過和朋友協(xié)作／參加學(xué)習(xí)小組來復(fù)習(xí)功課。介詞by之后的賓語，除了用名詞以外，還可以用動(dòng)詞ing形式，即動(dòng)名詞形式。動(dòng)詞之后跟動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)名詞短語，意思是“通過／靠／用（做……）”，表示方式或途徑。介詞“by＋動(dòng)詞ing短語”在句子中的作用常見的有如下幾種：a．表示做事的方法。如：She made smoothie by cutting up fruits and grinding them.她切碎水果并將其粉碎來制作功能飲料。They moved the machine by pushing on the wood.他們借助在木頭上推動(dòng)的方式移動(dòng)機(jī)器。b．表示取得某種結(jié)果的手段。如：I bought my bike for 200 yuan by bargaining.我通過討價(jià)還價(jià)，花了200元買了這輛自行車。They solved the problem finally by persuading both sides.他們最后通過說服雙方解決了問題。c．表示形成某種結(jié)果的原因。如：The boy hurt his leg by having a fall.那個(gè)男孩摔了一跤，腿部受傷了。She caught a cold by walking in a rain.她因?yàn)榱苡甓剂烁忻??！纠}】對(duì)下面句子的劃線部分提問。1．I learn Englishby reading English magazines.2．He can be a real manby helping you.3．We went to Englandby air.③Do you ever practice conversations with friends？你和朋友練習(xí)過對(duì)話嗎？a．ever是副詞，意思是“曾經(jīng)”“以前”，常用于詢問或介紹某人經(jīng)歷的場(chǎng)合，常和一般時(shí)或完成時(shí)連用，多見于疑問句和由if所引導(dǎo)的從句中：如：Have you ever been to Shanghai？你去過上海嗎？Does he ever eat apples？他吃過蘋果嗎？b．ever用于否定句中，解釋為“不曾”“從未”等。not…ever的意思相當(dāng)于never，但是在現(xiàn)實(shí)使用中若遇到要表達(dá)“不曾”“從未”之類意思，人們習(xí)慣于用never代替not…ever。如：They have not ever met each other by now.=They have never met each other by now.他們?cè)诖酥安辉娺^面。She has not ever been abroad.=She has never been abroad.她未曾出過國。④practice和practise作為動(dòng)詞，practice和practise兩種拼寫都正確，前者用于美國英語中，后者用于英國英語中。作為名詞，practice不能寫成practise。a．practise用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)后面可接名詞或動(dòng)詞ing形式，但不可接動(dòng)詞不定式。practise意為“練習(xí)”“訓(xùn)練”；也可指“實(shí)行”“開始從事于”。如：They39。re practising singing the new song.他們正在練習(xí)唱那首新歌。It39。s very important to practise listening.練習(xí)聽力是非常重要的。b．practise還可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：Practise more and you39。ll make great progress.勤練習(xí)，你會(huì)取得很大進(jìn)步。Don39。t forget to practise after class.課后別忘了練習(xí)。c．practice作不可數(shù)名詞，意為“練習(xí)”“實(shí)習(xí)”“實(shí)際”“實(shí)踐”“實(shí)施”。如：The idea would never work in practice.那主意不能付諸實(shí)施。We should put theory into practice.我們應(yīng)理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際。Practice makes 。d．practice作可數(shù)名詞，意為“習(xí)慣”“慣例”“生意”。如：A cup of milk before going to bed is my usual practice（=habit）.睡前喝杯牛奶是我的習(xí)慣。There is a practice of closing shops on Sundays.有星期日休業(yè)的慣例?！咀ⅰ款愃苝ractice這種接動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語的動(dòng)詞還有enjoy，finish，keep，gave up，mind，suggest，can39。t help等。如：He enjoys skiing very much.他非常喜歡滑雪。He had finished writing the letter when I went in.我進(jìn)去時(shí)他已寫完信了。【注】比較practice與exercise的區(qū)別：practice是指與理論相對(duì)的應(yīng)用、實(shí)施，經(jīng)?；蛴邢到y(tǒng)的重復(fù)、練習(xí)以及習(xí)慣。而exercise是指為提高技巧或業(yè)務(wù)水平而設(shè)置的練習(xí)或體格訓(xùn)練。如：We should put theory into practice.我們應(yīng)該把理論付諸實(shí)踐。A group of soldiers are leaving for exercises in the mountains.一隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)士將去山里演習(xí)。The doctor advised her to take more exercise.醫(yī)生勸她多運(yùn)動(dòng)。（不可數(shù)名詞）⑤What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation？通過朗讀來練習(xí)發(fā)音怎么樣？a．What about引起的問句可表示說話人的建議，常用于征詢對(duì)方意見，后接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)詞ing形式；如：What about this white shirt？ 這件白襯衫怎么樣？What about some noodles／fruit juice？ 來點(diǎn)兒面條／果汁怎么樣？What about something to eat／to drink？要不要吃些／喝些什么？（不定式to eat作定語，修飾不定代詞something）b．What about引起的問句還常用來詢問對(duì)方一個(gè)前面已經(jīng)提到過的相同情況或觀點(diǎn)，常譯成“……怎么樣？”或“……呢？”。如：My gloves are green. What about yours？我的手套是綠色的，你的呢？My parents are both fine. What about yours？我父母身體很好，你父母好嗎？【注】由于about是介詞，所以What about后面的動(dòng)詞須用ing形式，不能接動(dòng)詞原形。上述What about均可用How about代替。C．read aloud大聲讀【點(diǎn)撥】aloud/loud/loudly都可以表示“大聲地”意思。（1）aloud副詞，“出聲地，高聲地”，常與read，call等動(dòng)詞連用，強(qiáng)調(diào)“從不出聲到出聲，別人能聽見但聲音不是很大”的情況；它沒有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式。（2）loud副詞，“高聲地，大聲地，喧噪地”，常用于talk，speak，laugh等動(dòng)詞之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)“聲音響亮”。此外，loud還可以作形容詞“高聲的，響亮的”，修飾名詞或作表語。（3）loudly副詞，“高聲地，喧噪地”，一般可以和loud互換，但含有喧鬧的意思，比較級(jí)一般用louder。請(qǐng)用loud, aloud, loudly填空。①Li Lei, it’s your turn to read the wordsaloud.②Don’t talk so aloud/loudly. The baby is asleep.③Please speaklouderso that I can hear you clearly.④The boy is speaking to his mother in aloudvoice.⑤Lots of people spokeloudlyin the street. It was too noisy.⑥現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法歸納a．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞have（第三人稱單數(shù)用has）＋動(dòng)詞過去分詞構(gòu)成。have studied，have worked，have written。b．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)具有兩個(gè)時(shí)間概念，一是過去，一是現(xiàn)在。謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在過去，但該時(shí)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果，而這種影響或結(jié)果往往是說話人的興趣所在，所以句中通常不帶時(shí)間狀語。如：The boy has e 。（現(xiàn)在在家）I39。ve lost my 。（現(xiàn)在沒鋼筆用）。c．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可用來表示持續(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for或since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，這時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作通常是持續(xù)性的。一般情況下，這一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)今后還會(huì)延續(xù)下去，但也有可能不再延續(xù)。如：I have lived here for more than twenty 。I have been here since last January／since I came here.自從去年一月以來／自從我來這兒以來，我就一直在這兒。Nothing has happened （ever） 。d．非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)候通常不帶表示時(shí)間段的狀語，因此不和for或since短語（從句）連用。如不能說I have bought the house for two years／since two years ago，而要說I bought the house two years ago或It39。s two years since I bought the house。但是非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定形式可以和for或since短語（從句）連用，表示這種否定狀態(tài)的持續(xù)時(shí)間。如：I haven39。t bought anything for a week／since you left.我已有一個(gè)星期沒有買任何東西了。／自從你離開以來我沒有買過任何東西。e．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，所以它可以和包括“現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻”在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語連用，如：now, today, this morning／week／month／year, by now, so far, up to now, already, before, just, ever, never, always, recently, lately等。如：I have done nothing 。We have had four lessons this morning.今天上午我們上了四節(jié)課。（說話時(shí)是午飯前或第四節(jié)課剛下課）Have you seen her before？ 你以前見過她嗎？f．在時(shí)間狀語從句和if狀語從句中，有時(shí)需用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來，以使句子意思完整。如：I39。ll join you when I have done the work.（我做完事就過來。）這一句的when時(shí)間狀語從句中如用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)do表示將來，則句意不成立，因?yàn)閷?duì)于同一個(gè)人來說join和do不能同時(shí)發(fā)生。再如：I39。ll wait until she has written the letter.（我愿等到她把信寫完。）g．當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)行為的執(zhí)行者、行為方式、行為場(chǎng)所、行為原因、行為時(shí)間時(shí)，句中謂語動(dòng)詞通常用一般過去時(shí)，而不用或很少用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，間或用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。如：Who did it？ And how did he do it？ Why did he do it？ Where did he do it？ When did he do it？ （這件事是誰干的？他是怎樣干的？他為什么干？他是在哪兒干的？他是在什么時(shí)候干的？）Where and when did you get it？（這個(gè)東西你是在哪兒什么時(shí)候買的？）但我們要說：Where have you been？ （你上哪兒去啦）？而不說Where were you？但可以說Where did you go？h．非持性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和for或since狀語連用，但如果將該動(dòng)詞改成狀態(tài)性（通常為連系動(dòng)詞＋形容詞或副詞）的系表結(jié)構(gòu)，其現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)就可以和for或since狀語連用。如不能說I have got up for half an hour, 但可以說I have been up for half an hour或It39。s half an hour since I got up。⑦I39