【文章內容簡介】 e,earn,manage,offer,pledge,prepare,profess,promises,refuse,resolve, seek, swear, threaten, undertake, veture, volunteer, vow.eg: You ought to learn to be patient Last year he applied to retire.2).動+賓語+不定式：有些動詞必先帶賓然后再帶不定式有以下五類：a． 感官動：see，hear，watch，feel.b． 動詞組: arrange for, ask for, rely onc． 使役動: have,let,make,get d． 心理狀態(tài)動:consider,declare,find,prove,think,believe,discover,(feel=think),imagine ,judge,suppose,understand,e． “勸告、允許、禁止”動：advise，allow，forbid，permit，remend，require，urged類動有三個特點：1其后不定式總帶to通常是to be .eg: We considered him to be a good officer.2在consider declare find prove think 等動詞后的to be往往可省eg: We considered him (to be )foolish considered him to have been foolish .3上述動之后名、代既可視為動詞賓語。也可視為帶to不定式的邏輯主語從后一角度看可與that分句進行轉換I should guess him to be 50I should guess that he is 505 不定式的其他用法 1 在“there be” “名(代)+be +adj+to do” “too…to do”句型中不定式的主動語態(tài)表示被動意味.不定式的進行時表示的動作同謂語動詞所表動同時發(fā)生，不定式的進行式無被動語態(tài)形式、。3 不定式的完成式表動發(fā)生在謂語動表動作之前eg: He seems to have lived here for many years.4 不定式的完成進行式表動在謂動表示動之前發(fā)生，但一直持續(xù)到說話時那一時刻:eg: The test was known to have been going on for three years 5不定式修名|代與不定在邏輯上是主謂關系,不定式用主動形式 eg: Have you got a key to unlock the door?6,不定式與前被修名,代在邏輯上動賓關系又和該句主語在邏輯上成主謂關系時,用主動形式 eg: I have got a letter to write.7 不定式做表語形容詞的狀語時,句子中主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系時多用主動形式. eg: He is hard to talk to 如要強調動作的承受(動)者時用被動式 eg: The handwriting is very difficult to be read eg: I saw him go ,要用完成式,當不定式邏主語是不定式動作承受者時用被動形式 He asked to be sent to work in the countrysideEg:I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long ,不定式表動正在進行, 用不定式進行式.Eg:I am very glad to be working with you第三講 分詞和動名詞分詞和過去分詞兩種,它兼有動副和形的特征,可以有賓or狀,一起構成分詞短語,現(xiàn)分表動作具有主動,正在進行意思,過分表動作具有被動完成的意義.現(xiàn)在分詞（The Present Participle） V—ing構成主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài)一般形式 doing being done完成體形式 having done having been done常要用做狀語完成進行體形式 having been doing用法:1. 現(xiàn)在分詞的主動語態(tài)：一般式：表示的動作與謂動所表示的動作一般同時進行.完成式：表示的動作則在謂動所表示的動作之前完成.eg：working hard, you will succeed.(條件狀語)Having finished their work, they have a rest.2. 現(xiàn)分的被動語態(tài)：一般式：表示一個被動動作正在進行or與謂動表示動作同時進行. 完成式：表示一個被動動作在謂動表示動作之前已經完成了。Eg: The large building being built down the street will be a hospital Having been shown the labs, we were taken to see the library.11．作定：單個詞放在所修飾詞前，短語放在后，相當定從eg:The boy who is standing there is a classmate of mine.：描述主語特征，主語常是物，表示主動進行動作。Eeg:The issue is confusing 這件事令人困惑33．作補語。（亦為復合賓語）可帶這種賓語的常用動詞make leave have see watch feel find get keep help notice hear observe find eg: We heard her singing in her roomz做復合賓語，現(xiàn)分與不定式稍有不同，不定式表示動作發(fā)生了全過程，分動詞正在進行eeg:I saw her e in 我看見她進來了（說明進來這件事）]I I saw her ing （說明來時的情景）44．作狀語 主要修飾動詞?？杀硎緯r，原，條，讓步，方式，伴隨情況，在現(xiàn)分短語前可帶有從屬連詞when,while,ifthough ,as ifeg: If arriving by plane ,please let my secretary know(條件狀) Having finished the painting, he began to make a frame forit(時狀) 有時現(xiàn)分的一般式?？杀硎鞠扔谥^動所發(fā)生的動作前。 Eg: Opening the drawer he took out a notebook 過分。The past pasticiple：同上 the fallen leaves落葉22．作表：描述主語特征。主語是人。 He was surprised at the news： eg:We found him taken away by the police 4 ：同上 注意11．現(xiàn)分：作定時含有主動的意思，但現(xiàn)分 missing, wanting, remaining作定時，卻表示被動概念，過分作定通常含有被動的意思，但是也有例外如：learned, drunked等詞作定時，能動主動概念。22．分詞修飾物，表示的特征，特點，性質，這些概念是用現(xiàn)分——性質特征~分詞修飾人，表示人的心理狀態(tài)情感變化等概念時要用過分——狀態(tài)33．當句子中的賓語是做賓補分詞的邏輯主語時，賓補用現(xiàn)分，如句中的賓語與分詞是動賓關系是賓補要用過分eg: Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Clinton found Monica taken away by Bush3. 如果既要強調動作正在進行又要表示被動則須用現(xiàn)分一般式的被動語態(tài),如既要表示主動又要表示完成則須用不定式 eg:I heard him being written a book (to) have written作定語縣分沒有完成式，若要表達完成和主動含義需用丁從句6．用壯語的分詞，它的邏輯主語必須是句子中的主語（特殊除外）。換句話說就是句中的主語與狀語的分詞在邏輯上要有主謂關系，要么動賓關系：否則不能用分詞做狀語，而要用狀語從句的分詞的獨立主格結構。（即在分詞前面加一個邏輯主語）eg:Faced with must try to overe them. Time permitting,we will stay longer.(go on pling )動名詞I:詞的形勢和特征。 動名詞由動詞原型加—ing構成，與現(xiàn)分形式相同。起名詞作用在句中作主、賓、定等。同時還保留著一點動詞的特征，如有完成式和被動語態(tài)。 一般式 doing(主 動) being done (被動) 完成式 having done (主 動) having been done (被動) 否定式：not +ving 二．用法 1：作主（抽象、般的動作、話人的愛好多次性的動作行為） eg:Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language. 特殊句型使。下面句型中it+形主：動名短語是真正主語 It’s worth+doing It will benice+doing It’s no use +doing It’s a waste of time+doing It’s no dood +doing It’s not any use (useless)+doing It’s very difficult+doing 2: 作賓：喜歡（不喜歡），習慣性動作用在特定動詞后，如： admit can’t help delay acknowledg can’t resist deny antipate can’t stand detest advocate consider dislike appreciate contemplate mind avoid defer ensure enjoy give up practise prevent escape imagine put off face