【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 e,earn,manage,offer,pledge,prepare,profess,promises,refuse,resolve, seek, swear, threaten, undertake, veture, volunteer, vow.eg: You ought to learn to be patient Last year he applied to retire.2).動(dòng)+賓語(yǔ)+不定式：有些動(dòng)詞必先帶賓然后再帶不定式有以下五類(lèi)：a． 感官動(dòng)：see，hear，watch，feel.b． 動(dòng)詞組: arrange for, ask for, rely onc． 使役動(dòng): have,let,make,get d． 心理狀態(tài)動(dòng):consider,declare,find,prove,think,believe,discover,(feel=think),imagine ,judge,suppose,understand,e． “勸告、允許、禁止”動(dòng)：advise，allow，forbid，permit，remend，require，urged類(lèi)動(dòng)有三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1其后不定式總帶to通常是to be .eg: We considered him to be a good officer.2在consider declare find prove think 等動(dòng)詞后的to be往往可省eg: We considered him (to be )foolish considered him to have been foolish .3上述動(dòng)之后名、代既可視為動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)。也可視為帶to不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)從后一角度看可與that分句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換I should guess him to be 50I should guess that he is 505 不定式的其他用法 1 在“there be” “名(代)+be +adj+to do” “too…to do”句型中不定式的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意味.不定式的進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作同謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表動(dòng)同時(shí)發(fā)生，不定式的進(jìn)行式無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式、。3 不定式的完成式表動(dòng)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)表動(dòng)作之前eg: He seems to have lived here for many years.4 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式表動(dòng)在謂動(dòng)表示動(dòng)之前發(fā)生，但一直持續(xù)到說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)那一時(shí)刻:eg: The test was known to have been going on for three years 5不定式修名|代與不定在邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系,不定式用主動(dòng)形式 eg: Have you got a key to unlock the door?6,不定式與前被修名,代在邏輯上動(dòng)賓關(guān)系又和該句主語(yǔ)在邏輯上成主謂關(guān)系時(shí),用主動(dòng)形式 eg: I have got a letter to write.7 不定式做表語(yǔ)形容詞的狀語(yǔ)時(shí),句子中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)多用主動(dòng)形式. eg: He is hard to talk to 如要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受(動(dòng))者時(shí)用被動(dòng)式 eg: The handwriting is very difficult to be read eg: I saw him go ,要用完成式,當(dāng)不定式邏主語(yǔ)是不定式動(dòng)作承受者時(shí)用被動(dòng)形式 He asked to be sent to work in the countrysideEg:I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long ,不定式表動(dòng)正在進(jìn)行, 用不定式進(jìn)行式.Eg:I am very glad to be working with you第三講 分詞和動(dòng)名詞分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種,它兼有動(dòng)副和形的特征,可以有賓or狀,一起構(gòu)成分詞短語(yǔ),現(xiàn)分表動(dòng)作具有主動(dòng),正在進(jìn)行意思,過(guò)分表動(dòng)作具有被動(dòng)完成的意義.現(xiàn)在分詞（The Present Participle） V—ing構(gòu)成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般形式 doing being done完成體形式 having done having been done常要用做狀語(yǔ)完成進(jìn)行體形式 having been doing用法:1. 現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：一般式：表示的動(dòng)作與謂動(dòng)所表示的動(dòng)作一般同時(shí)進(jìn)行.完成式：表示的動(dòng)作則在謂動(dòng)所表示的動(dòng)作之前完成.eg：working hard, you will succeed.(條件狀語(yǔ))Having finished their work, they have a rest.2. 現(xiàn)分的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：一般式：表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行or與謂動(dòng)表示動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行. 完成式：表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作在謂動(dòng)表示動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成了。Eg: The large building being built down the street will be a hospital Having been shown the labs, we were taken to see the library.11．作定：?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)詞放在所修飾詞前，短語(yǔ)放在后，相當(dāng)定從eg:The boy who is standing there is a classmate of mine.：描述主語(yǔ)特征，主語(yǔ)常是物，表示主動(dòng)進(jìn)行動(dòng)作。Eeg:The issue is confusing 這件事令人困惑33．作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。（亦為復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)）可帶這種賓語(yǔ)的常用動(dòng)詞make leave have see watch feel find get keep help notice hear observe find eg: We heard her singing in her roomz做復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)分與不定式稍有不同，不定式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了全過(guò)程，分動(dòng)詞正在進(jìn)行eeg:I saw her e in 我看見(jiàn)她進(jìn)來(lái)了（說(shuō)明進(jìn)來(lái)這件事）]I I saw her ing （說(shuō)明來(lái)時(shí)的情景）44．作狀語(yǔ) 主要修飾動(dòng)詞?？杀硎緯r(shí)，原，條，讓步，方式，伴隨情況，在現(xiàn)分短語(yǔ)前可帶有從屬連詞when,while,ifthough ,as ifeg: If arriving by plane ,please let my secretary know(條件狀) Having finished the painting, he began to make a frame forit(時(shí)狀) 有時(shí)現(xiàn)分的一般式?？杀硎鞠扔谥^動(dòng)所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作前。 Eg: Opening the drawer he took out a notebook 過(guò)分。The past pasticiple：同上 the fallen leaves落葉22．作表：描述主語(yǔ)特征。主語(yǔ)是人。 He was surprised at the news： eg:We found him taken away by the police 4 ：同上 注意11．現(xiàn)分：作定時(shí)含有主動(dòng)的意思，但現(xiàn)分 missing, wanting, remaining作定時(shí)，卻表示被動(dòng)概念，過(guò)分作定通常含有被動(dòng)的意思，但是也有例外如：learned, drunked等詞作定時(shí)，能動(dòng)主動(dòng)概念。22．分詞修飾物，表示的特征，特點(diǎn)，性質(zhì)，這些概念是用現(xiàn)分——性質(zhì)特征~分詞修飾人，表示人的心理狀態(tài)情感變化等概念時(shí)要用過(guò)分——狀態(tài)33．當(dāng)句子中的賓語(yǔ)是做賓補(bǔ)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，賓補(bǔ)用現(xiàn)分，如句中的賓語(yǔ)與分詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系是賓補(bǔ)要用過(guò)分eg: Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Clinton found Monica taken away by Bush3. 如果既要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行又要表示被動(dòng)則須用現(xiàn)分一般式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),如既要表示主動(dòng)又要表示完成則須用不定式 eg:I heard him being written a book (to) have written作定語(yǔ)縣分沒(méi)有完成式，若要表達(dá)完成和主動(dòng)含義需用丁從句6．用壯語(yǔ)的分詞，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須是句子中的主語(yǔ)（特殊除外）。換句話(huà)說(shuō)就是句中的主語(yǔ)與狀語(yǔ)的分詞在邏輯上要有主謂關(guān)系，要么動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：否則不能用分詞做狀語(yǔ)，而要用狀語(yǔ)從句的分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。（即在分詞前面加一個(gè)邏輯主語(yǔ)）eg:Faced with must try to overe them. Time permitting,we will stay longer.(go on pling )動(dòng)名詞I:詞的形勢(shì)和特征。 動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞原型加—ing構(gòu)成，與現(xiàn)分形式相同。起名詞作用在句中作主、賓、定等。同時(shí)還保留著一點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞的特征，如有完成式和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 一般式 doing(主 動(dòng)) being done (被動(dòng)) 完成式 having done (主 動(dòng)) having been done (被動(dòng)) 否定式：not +ving 二．用法 1：作主（抽象、般的動(dòng)作、話(huà)人的愛(ài)好多次性的動(dòng)作行為） eg:Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language. 特殊句型使。下面句型中it+形主：動(dòng)名短語(yǔ)是真正主語(yǔ) It’s worth+doing It will benice+doing It’s no use +doing It’s a waste of time+doing It’s no dood +doing It’s not any use (useless)+doing It’s very difficult+doing 2: 作賓：喜歡（不喜歡），習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作用在特定動(dòng)詞后，如： admit can’t help delay acknowledg can’t resist deny antipate can’t stand detest advocate consider dislike appreciate contemplate mind avoid defer ensure enjoy give up practise prevent escape imagine put off face