【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 age is ... Which of the following best summarizes the passage? 在理解這類題時(shí)，最直接、最有效的辦法就是通過(guò)上面介紹的掠讀法，快速找出每個(gè)段落主題句，因?yàn)橹黝}句概括了每一段的主題思想。 那么，什么叫主題句呢？所謂主題句，就是作者在寫出一段文字時(shí)，用一句話把這段文字的主題表示出來(lái)。這種句子就叫主題句。它一般出現(xiàn)在文章或段落的開始，當(dāng)然有時(shí)也位天句中或句末。段落中的其他句子都是圍繞主題句展開論述或說(shuō)明。 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，主題句都位天文章或段落的開頭，然后圍繞主題句展開文化論述，這些論述句都屬細(xì)節(jié)，這是一種很常見的文章或段落的組織形式。掌握這種常識(shí)及熟悉這種文章結(jié)構(gòu)有助于讀者對(duì)全文的中心思想、敘述的內(nèi)容層次及情節(jié)一目了然，也有助于讀者記住文章所論述的內(nèi)容。 請(qǐng)看大綱第10頁(yè)的一篇短文： Husband and Wife by Arragement Some Japanese still get married by parents39。 arrangement. Yoshio and Hiromi Tanaka, a young Japanese couple living in the United States, told the story of their arranged marriage. We didn39。t marry for love in the Western sense. We got married in the traditional Japanese way. Our parents arranged our marriage through a matchmaker (媒人), in Japanese we believe that marriage is something affecting the whole family rather than a matter concerning only the young couple. So we think it is very important to match people according to their social background, education and so on. Matchmakers are usually middleaged wome who keep lists of suitable young people with information about their families, education and interests. When our parents thought it was time for us to get married, they went to a local matchmaker and asked her for some suggestions. We discussed the details and looked at the photos she sent, and then our parents asked her to arrange a 39。marriage interview39。 for the two of us. 我們看第26題： 26. The Japanese think of the marriage of a young couple in a family as A) a sign showing the love between them. B) an opportunity for their parents to show their love for their children. C) a private affair for the boy and the girl. D) an important matter having influence on the whole family. 這道題考察讀者是否能判斷出第一段的大意。 這篇文章講的是關(guān)于日本婚姻方面的一些風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。文章第一段的第一句話就點(diǎn)明了題意。 Some Japanese still get married by parents39。 arrangement. 日本人結(jié)婚基本上還是由“父母包辦”。這句話就是本段的主題句。文章接下來(lái)講，在日本，婚姻不是僅僅兩個(gè)年輕人之間的事，而是影響整個(gè)家庭的一件事情（見第四句話）。父母之所以“包辦“，就是因?yàn)閮号幕橐鍪玛P(guān)整個(gè)家庭。所以答案應(yīng)為選項(xiàng)D。這樣就可以把A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)排除掉了。 這是一個(gè)典型的把主題句放在段落開始位置的例子，我們來(lái)看下一個(gè)例子的主題句在哪兒。 Have you ever watched a child in front of a television set? Very interesting things can be observed. A child may be crawling on the floor, playing with his or her toys or talking to himself or herself while the show is in progress. However, as soon as a mercial appears, the child stops what he or she is doing and faces the television set, intent on the picture, motion, and sound ing from the screen. No matter what is said, the child stares at the set until the mercial has ended. Then the child returns to crawling, playing and talking. The magnetic effect of mercials on children is amazing. What is the main idea of the passage? A) Children39。s behaviors are observed when TV is on. B) Children are magnetically attracted by mercials. C) Children are keen on pictures from the screen. D) Children stare at the mercials even when they have ended. 本文主要討論了孩子如何被電視廣告所吸引。作者一開始并沒(méi)有直接說(shuō)出廣告對(duì)孩子的吸引力有多大，而是通過(guò)一個(gè)具體的情節(jié)來(lái)說(shuō)明。孩子正在地板上玩耍，擺弄自己的玩具，突然，廣告出現(xiàn)了，孩子便停下來(lái)，眼睛直盯著廣告，即使他聽不懂廣告里說(shuō)的什么，也要等到廣告結(jié)束后再玩。文章的最后一句說(shuō)，廣告對(duì)孩子的吸引力真是讓人吃驚。顯然這一句為主題句，對(duì)全文進(jìn)行了概括，起到了畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。因而正確答案為B。 四、小結(jié)： 今天我們向大家介紹了如何提高閱讀能力及如何解答主旨的技巧。希望大家在以后的閱讀中注意運(yùn)用這些技巧和方法，不斷提高解題的效率。 第五講 怎樣做選擇填空題 一、題型介紹 選擇填空又稱綜合填空或完形測(cè)試，它是目前較為滸的一種英語(yǔ)測(cè)試題型之一。在我國(guó)其它的大規(guī)模英語(yǔ)考試中是一項(xiàng)必試項(xiàng)目。 選擇填空或完形測(cè)試的理論依據(jù)是完形心理學(xué)。這種理論的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為：人們?cè)谟^察物體形狀時(shí)，往往下意識(shí)地把不連貫的、窯的部分給補(bǔ)上，然后把它看成一個(gè)完整的形狀。把這種理論應(yīng)用到語(yǔ)言測(cè)試上，便出現(xiàn)了完形測(cè)試。這種試題設(shè)計(jì)程序?yàn)椋好}題人員首先選取一篇短文，然后每隔一定數(shù)目的單詞（一般為511個(gè)）有規(guī)律地去掉一個(gè)詞，最后，讓考生填出去掉的那些詞，來(lái)測(cè)試他們的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力。 最初的這種完形測(cè)試方法是按固定比例來(lái)刪詞，后來(lái)又產(chǎn)生了幾種新的變體。一種是刪掉的詞僅限于某一類語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，如動(dòng)詞、名詞、介詞等。這樣原來(lái)隔固定詞數(shù)刪詞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)僅做參考；另一種是把綜合填充和多項(xiàng)選擇結(jié)合起來(lái)，試題設(shè)計(jì)者為每個(gè)空白處提供35個(gè)選擇先項(xiàng)，讓考生從中挑選出唯一正確的答案。這樣既可達(dá)到所希望的測(cè)試目的，又可保證評(píng)分的客觀性。這種測(cè)試形式是目前國(guó)內(nèi)采用的最普遍的完形測(cè)試方式。職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試C級(jí)試卷中采用的就是這種題型。 選擇填空的題目設(shè)計(jì)并非拿一篇短文來(lái)隨便地去掉幾個(gè)詞。設(shè)計(jì)者遵循一定要求和準(zhǔn)則，以保證測(cè)試的效度和信度。首先，選文的頭一、兩句應(yīng)是完整的，不去掉任何詞，以幫助考生進(jìn)入語(yǔ)境。其次，原文的長(zhǎng)度一般在300詞左右，太長(zhǎng)或太短都不合適。為了達(dá)到測(cè)試目的，可以靈活掌握隔多少個(gè)單詞刪去一個(gè)詞，但是總體上要遵循每隔一定數(shù)目的單詞去掉一個(gè)詞這種原則。 二、選擇填空的測(cè)試點(diǎn) 根據(jù)職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試大綱，選擇填空通常用由一篇300詞左右的短文組成。短文中留有20個(gè)空格，每個(gè)空格為一題。我們還注意到，職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試中刪詞的間隙較一般考試要大一些。這樣，題目就相對(duì)容易了一些。這是因?yàn)槠茐牡男畔⒘可倭?，所以恢?fù)起來(lái)也就相對(duì)而言容易一些。通過(guò)對(duì)樣題的分析，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，補(bǔ)刪的詞幾乎涉及到所有詞類，如動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、介詞、連詞、短語(yǔ)等等。 三、選擇填空的解題方法 表面上來(lái)年，選擇填空就是要求考生把每個(gè)句子中刪掉的詞給恢復(fù)出來(lái)。實(shí)際上，選擇填空不僅僅測(cè)試應(yīng)試者在句子水平上運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力，它還測(cè)試應(yīng)試者在語(yǔ)篇水平上綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力。因?yàn)?，選擇填空中的填空是與文章的上下文有緊密聯(lián)系的，不是孤立的、不相關(guān)的。因此，要做好選擇填空題，必須首先通讀整篇文章，開清文章的大意和邏輯關(guān)系，根據(jù)空格所在句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)篇等信息，通過(guò)邏輯揄、對(duì)比等手段最后確定答案。尤其是運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)、搭配和語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)來(lái)確定答案。 請(qǐng)看這篇短文，文中有20處空白，每個(gè)空白處有4個(gè)選項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容從4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇1個(gè)最佳答案。 Television is the greatest muniction medium ever designed and operated by man. It sends into the human brain an (36) amount of opinions and information and (37) moral and artistic standards for all of us. Every minute of a television programme teaches us something. It is never a neutral (中立的） (38). For example, how and when public issues ar (40) how they are treated by the television networks in entertainment (41) news and public affairs programmes. What the American people think about governemnt and politics in (42), ad wwell as a favorite candidate in (43), is largely influenced by (44). Unfortunately mercial television seldom (45) anything of value to our lives. Many Americans express a deep hostility (故意）(46) television because they know most TV programmes are (47) poor quality and that sometimes these programmes are ever (48). The question is : how can television be improved? There are many thins are ordinary (49) can do. For example, he (50) plain to his local TV stations about offensive advertising. He can (51) citiaens groups to urge local TV stations to (52) their programmes (53), these groups should propose regular analysies of specific TV mercials and programmes by educators, doctors, etc. to (54) the influence of these programmes on children and adults. Television can be our most exciting medium if we just think about (55) to improve it. 36. A endless G ending C ended D end 37. A finds B abs