【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 to bed, be in trouble頭銜前不加冠詞：例如：Doctor (頭銜) , I have a headache . 第四章 動(dòng) 詞一、什么是動(dòng)詞？ 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞叫做動(dòng)詞。二、動(dòng)詞的種類按照動(dòng)詞的詞義和動(dòng)詞在句子中所起的作用來(lái)劃分，動(dòng)詞可分為五大類：1. Be動(dòng)詞 be動(dòng)詞很特殊，既可以作系動(dòng)詞又可以作助動(dòng)詞，而且用途廣泛。用法口訣：我用am，你用are，is跟著他她它，復(fù)數(shù)形式都用are。2. 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞也叫行為動(dòng)詞，能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。如：The lion opened its huge mouth and roared（咆哮）.實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩類。1） 及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以直接接賓語(yǔ)。如：Judy found a Christmas gift in the stocking.2） 不及物動(dòng)詞，不需要賓語(yǔ)。如：The car stopped.不及物動(dòng)詞后如跟賓語(yǔ)，須加上介詞。如：listen to me3）有些動(dòng)詞既可以作及物動(dòng)詞又可以作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：play: play a game。 play with yoyo.4)有些動(dòng)詞既可以作及物動(dòng)詞又可以作不及物動(dòng)詞，但意義不一樣。如： ask: ask for help。 ask him to go out3. 系動(dòng)詞 系動(dòng)詞也叫連系動(dòng)詞，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，必須和名詞，形容詞等一起使用，作句子的謂語(yǔ)。常用的系動(dòng)詞有:1） be動(dòng)詞（是最基本的系動(dòng)詞） 如：I am from Hollywood.2） 五官動(dòng)詞：look, sound, smell，taste, feel 如：The boy looks very happy.3） 變化動(dòng)詞：get，bee, turn等。如：The leaves turn green in fall.4）狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞：keep，stay等。如：Please keep quiet in the library.4. 助動(dòng)詞 助動(dòng)詞有be；do, does, did。 will(would) ,shall(should)。 have, has, had等。它們和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)，以及構(gòu)成否定和疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)等。如：The child is crying.5. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣或情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞詞義不完全，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，只能與動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, dare, need, ought to等。三、動(dòng)詞的基本形式動(dòng)詞的五種基本形式這五種形式的動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成了動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。1. 動(dòng)詞原形2. 第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式3. 過(guò)去式4. 現(xiàn)在分詞5. 過(guò)去分詞1. 動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形就是在詞典詞目中所使用的動(dòng)詞形式。如：be do work live e like 2. 第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式的構(gòu)成1）變化口訣：s，es，y變i，have變has。變化規(guī)則動(dòng)詞原形第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式⑴ 一般情況 詞尾+s work, look, wantworks, looks, wants⑵ 以ch, sh, s, x, o結(jié)尾 詞尾+es teach, wash, dress, fix, goteaches, washes, dresses, fixes, goes⑶ 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾 變y為i,再加 esfly, cry, tryflies, cries, tries2）動(dòng)詞單三形式的發(fā)音規(guī)則發(fā)音口訣：清清，濁濁，元濁，/t, d/后發(fā) /ts/ 和/dz/，遇到/s, z。 t?, d? 。 ?, ?；/發(fā) /iz/。① 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞尾音為清輔音時(shí)，加s或es后發(fā)/s/: looks, helps, jumps② 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞尾音為濁輔音或元音時(shí)，加s或es后發(fā)/z/：opens, airs③ 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞尾音為/t, d/ 時(shí)，加s后發(fā)/ts/ 和/dz/：cuts, needs④ 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞尾音為/s, z。 t?, d? 。 ?, ?/時(shí)，發(fā)/iz/： teaches, washes3. 過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成1）變化口訣：直，去，雙，變。變化規(guī)則動(dòng)詞原形過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞⑴ 一般情況，詞尾+edwalk, work，helpwalked,worked, helped⑵ 以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾，去e 加eddecide,hope, likedecided, hoped, liked⑶ 輔音字母+y結(jié)尾，變y為i，再加edcarry, hurry, flycarried, hurried, flied⑷ 以“輔+元+輔”結(jié)尾，且重讀時(shí)，雙寫末輔+edstop, nod, planstopped,nodded,planned【注】上面介紹的都是過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞的規(guī)則變化，也就是“動(dòng)詞原形+ed”。實(shí)際上，還有許多動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞的變化是不規(guī)則的。如：1. AAA型：動(dòng)詞原形、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞形式都相同：cutcut, cut（切割）2. ABB型：過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞形式相同：bringbrought, brought （帶來(lái)）3. ABC型：動(dòng)詞原形、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞都不相同：gowent, gone （去）：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有過(guò)去分詞：may—might（可能）這些不規(guī)則變化需要逐個(gè)記憶。更多的變化可以參考不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表。2）規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式，過(guò)去分詞的發(fā)音發(fā)音口訣：清清，濁濁，元濁，/t, d/后發(fā) /id/。① 當(dāng)尾音為清輔音時(shí)，加ed后發(fā)/t/ looked, jumped, walked, washed, worked, asked, typed, watched, talked, thanked。 helped。 ② 當(dāng)尾音為濁輔音或元音時(shí)，加ed后發(fā)/d/ cleaned, opened, sharpened, turned on, listened ，aired。 ③ 與單詞尾音/t/一起構(gòu)成/tid/：dusted, painted, waited, wanted, greeted。 與單詞尾音/d/一起構(gòu)成/did/: decided，needed4. 現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成變化口訣：直，去，雙，變。變化規(guī)則動(dòng)詞原形現(xiàn)在分詞⑴ 一般情況，詞尾+inggo, ask, playgoing, asking, playing⑵ 以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾，去e，再加ingwrite, e, takewriting, ing, taking⑶以“輔+元+輔”結(jié)尾，且重讀時(shí)，雙寫末輔+ingcut, run, nodcutting, running, nodding（4）以ie結(jié)尾時(shí)，變ie為y，加inglie, die, tielying, dying, tying四．有關(guān)“have”的必背詞組：have breakfast/lunch/dinner/supper/a meal 吃早餐/午飯/晚餐/一頓飯have tea/a glass of water:喝茶/一杯水 have a swim游泳 have a bath洗澡 have a haircut理發(fā) have a lesson上課 have a party開晚會(huì) have a holiday度假 have a smoke/cigarette吸煙 have a meeting開會(huì) have a car crash 出車禍 have a rest/break 休息一下 have a look 看一看 have a seat 坐下have a walk 散步 have a piic野餐have a try試一試have a drink 喝一杯 have a piic 野餐have a headache/toothache/ cold/cough/a fever 頭痛（牙痛/感冒/咳嗽/發(fā)燒）（系列）have a good time=have fun過(guò)得愉快=enjoy oneself第五章 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)一、定義1. 表示“此刻”正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。His mother is kicking his ass. Look! A fly is flying in the classroom.2. 表示“現(xiàn)階段”正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。The writer is writing a new book these 。譯文：表示“某人（現(xiàn)在、現(xiàn)階段）正在做……事”二、句式構(gòu)成肯：主+be (am、is、are)+Ving. (現(xiàn)在分詞)。. We are learning English. 我們正在學(xué)英語(yǔ)。否：主+be+not+Ving。eg ：We are not learning English疑： Be+主+Ving+？Are you learning English？答：肯：Yes,主+be. 否：No,主+be+not.(縮略式)特：特殊疑問(wèn)句?？碱}型為對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)對(duì)不同句子成分的提問(wèn)The boys are playing games on the playground now.（可對(duì)四部分提問(wèn)但不對(duì)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)now提問(wèn)）1. 對(duì)“主語(yǔ)”（The boys）提問(wèn)：Who is playing games on the playground?2．對(duì)“謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)”(playing games)提問(wèn)：What are the boys doing on the playground?3. 對(duì)“賓語(yǔ)”(games)提問(wèn)：What are boys playing on the playground ?4. 對(duì)“地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)”(on the playground)提問(wèn)：Where are the boys playing games ?三、動(dòng)詞變化（一）現(xiàn)在分詞Ving變化規(guī)則 口訣：直、去、雙、變“直”：直接+ing：doing，going，standing，walking，playing, emptying；“去”：去詞尾不發(fā)音的e+ing： ing，riding，writing，dancing， making, changing, driving, being, inviting, typing, shaving, arriving, phoning, 但：seeing, being不用。 “雙”：雙寫尾字母+ing：putting，sitting，running，beginning，swimming, shopping，shutting, getting, letting, digging, preferring, babysitting (traveling 或traveling) “變”：以ie結(jié)尾，變ie為y+ing：die→dying lie→lying tie→tying(be dying=奄奄一息)(二)發(fā)音規(guī)則：ing發(fā)“英”的音?！斑B讀”即可.四、標(biāo)志性“時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)”1. now, at the moment, at this moment,at this time.“現(xiàn)在，此刻”those days這階段. They are playing basketball now. Which pany are you working for at present?解析：這組詞意為“現(xiàn)在、此刻”，表明動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)2．Look! Listen! 口訣：Look! Listen!來(lái)提醒，動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中。. Listen! Mary is singing. 聽！Mary正在唱歌。Look! He is playing football. 瞧！他在踢足球。3．Be quiet, Be quick ；Hurry up. 快點(diǎn). Be quiet! The baby is sleeping. . Be quick/Hurry up, or you will be late. Be quick. They are waiting for us outside.總結(jié)：以上小的祈使句出現(xiàn)，后面可用“現(xiàn)進(jìn)”或“將來(lái)”時(shí)態(tài)，應(yīng)依據(jù)題意來(lái)判斷。五、特殊用法“主+系+表”結(jié)構(gòu)中表進(jìn)行時(shí). be at work. 在工作 be at table 在吃飯 be at church 在做禮拜 be at school 在上學(xué)，感情，狀態(tài)等的動(dòng)詞一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，. like, love, hope (希望), wish (但愿), want, know, understand, belong to (屬于),think (認(rèn)為), live, have (有). . I live in Beijing. He wants to go shopping with his mother.：go, e, leave, start, move, arrive, fly等, 表“來(lái)來(lái)去去”的“趨向