【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304).（如果有三位作者，在括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)用逗號(hào)分隔他們的姓氏，如：(Alton, Davies, and Rice 56)。）（三位以上的作者）：The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35). 注意MLA規(guī)范的括號(hào)夾注中使用“and”而不是“amp?！?。 引用同樣姓氏的不同作者 假若兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的作者有同樣的姓氏，則括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)同時(shí)使用他們名字的首字母，如： Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46). 引用中文著作或期刊時(shí)同姓作者的情況較多，應(yīng)在括號(hào)夾注中使用他們名字的首字母加以區(qū)分，如： (. Wang 26) (. Wang 30) 引用團(tuán)體作者（corporate author） 引用團(tuán)體作者的作品，括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)使用團(tuán)體的名稱，如： It was apparent that the American health care system needed “to be fixed and perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4). 引用無(wú)作者文獻(xiàn) 引用無(wú)作者文獻(xiàn)，如果文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)在正文里，則括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)使用該標(biāo)題或者（如果標(biāo)題過(guò)長(zhǎng)的話）使用該標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞組，如： An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser” 100). 在使用關(guān)鍵詞組時(shí)應(yīng)該選擇標(biāo)題開(kāi)始部分的詞組。 無(wú)論是MLA還是APA的規(guī)范，獨(dú)立出版物的標(biāo)題或者標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞組用斜體標(biāo)出，出版物內(nèi)含的作品的名稱以及未出版的作品（講演、論文等）的標(biāo)題或者標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞組用引號(hào)標(biāo)出。 引用書信、談話中的觀點(diǎn)或文字 書信和談話（含電子郵件、訪談、電話等）無(wú)法在正文后面的參考文獻(xiàn)中列出，但應(yīng)該在正文中使用括號(hào)夾注的方法注明出處。例如：Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an indepth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work. 引用同一作者的多篇文獻(xiàn) 按MLA規(guī)范，引用同一作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)時(shí)，在括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)加入文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞組，如：Lightenor has argued that puters are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to puter games does lead to better small motor skill development (“HandEye Development” 17). 或者Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to puter games does lead to better small motor skill development (Lightenor, “HandEye Development” 17). 或者Lightenor has argued that puters are not useful tools for small children, though he has acknowledged that early exposure to puter games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Too Soon” 38 and “HandEye Development” 17). 同時(shí)引用不同作者的多篇文獻(xiàn) 括號(hào)夾注可以包括不同作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)，文獻(xiàn)按作者姓氏的字母順序排列（注意分號(hào)的使用），如：MLA：The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented (Rychnovsky 40。 Seidensticker 114。 Williams 30). 在MLA的規(guī)范中，如果不同作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)過(guò)于冗長(zhǎng)，則不用括號(hào)夾注，而使用腳注（）。 引用非直接文獻(xiàn)（indirect source） 論文應(yīng)盡可能避免使用非直接文獻(xiàn)（即二級(jí)文獻(xiàn)secondary source），但在無(wú)法找到直接文獻(xiàn)（即一級(jí)文獻(xiàn)primary source）的情況下，引文可以從非直接文獻(xiàn)中析出，例如：MLA：Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).（注意：“qtd. in”中的字母“i”不得大寫。） 引用非直接文獻(xiàn)以后，在正文后參考文獻(xiàn)著錄中只需列入該非直接文獻(xiàn)的條目（即上述實(shí)例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski amp。 Degelman, 1996”）。 引用文學(xué)作品和經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn) 按MLA的規(guī)范，有幾種情況括號(hào)夾注內(nèi)不標(biāo)頁(yè)碼。 在引用劇本時(shí)應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文的幕、場(chǎng)、行，如： In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare’s Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ‘twere, the mirror up to nature” ().這里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來(lái)自劇本第三幕第二場(chǎng)的21至23行。（注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)的使用。） 在引用詩(shī)歌時(shí)應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文的節(jié)、行，如：When Homer’s Odysseus es to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” ().這里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來(lái)自詩(shī)歌第10節(jié)的209至211行。對(duì)不分節(jié)的詩(shī)第一次引用時(shí)應(yīng)說(shuō)明括號(hào)里標(biāo)的是行數(shù)，使用“l(fā)ine”，以后的引用則不需再說(shuō)明。例如： 第一次引用：(lines 58) 以后的引用：(1213) 在引用有章節(jié)、分冊(cè)的小說(shuō)的時(shí)候，應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文所在的頁(yè)碼、冊(cè)數(shù)、章節(jié)，如：One of Kingsolver’s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel plains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117。 bk. 2, ch. 10).例子里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來(lái)自該書第二冊(cè)第十章的第117頁(yè)。（注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)和縮略語(yǔ)的使用。） 在引用《圣經(jīng)》、《可蘭經(jīng)》等經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)的時(shí)候，應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文的篇、章、節(jié)，如：Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. ).例子里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來(lái)自舊約《圣經(jīng)》的《箴言》篇第25章第21節(jié)。《圣經(jīng)》各篇的縮寫有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的寫法，因而使用時(shí)應(yīng)該注意核對(duì)。 對(duì)引語(yǔ)文字的更改 直接引語(yǔ)如出現(xiàn)在正文中間，使用引語(yǔ)的句子不得違反英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法，不得出現(xiàn)“句中句”。，但均不合語(yǔ)法。正確：So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter[ing] effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63). 正確：Max Luthi points out that the first apparent thing in the fairytale is that it portrays its hero as “isolated” and often as “an old child” (59). 錯(cuò)誤：So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63). 錯(cuò)誤：Max Luthi points out: “The first thing that is apparent in the fairytale …is that it portrays its hero as isolated. He is often an old child” (59). 為了使含直接引語(yǔ)的句子合乎語(yǔ)法，往往有必要對(duì)引語(yǔ)的文字作一定的更改。如果要?jiǎng)h除引語(yǔ)中個(gè)別詞句，可以用省略號(hào)（ellipses“…”）取代刪除的詞句。如果要加入或者更改個(gè)別單詞或者詞組，則可以將需要加入或者更改的單詞或詞組放在方括號(hào)（square brackets“[ ]”）以內(nèi)。例如：刪除詞句：He stated, “The ‘placebo effect,’ ... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith, 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.添加詞組：Smith (276) found that “the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [his own and others’] behaviors were studied in this manner.” 無(wú)論刪改還是添加字詞均不得變更引語(yǔ)的原意。 注意：如果刪除是在句內(nèi)，應(yīng)該空一格以后再加省略號(hào)。如果刪除是在一句整句以后，則應(yīng)在該整句最后的標(biāo)點(diǎn)（句號(hào)、問(wèn)號(hào)或驚嘆號(hào)）不空格直接加省略號(hào)。省略號(hào)應(yīng)該用三個(gè)句點(diǎn)。 腳注（footnotes）的使用 在MLA的規(guī)范里，腳注只應(yīng)在下列兩種情況中考慮使用：（1）提供有一定重要性、但寫入正文將有損文本條理和邏輯的解釋性信息；（2）提供因篇幅過(guò)大不宜使用括號(hào)夾注注明的文獻(xiàn)出處信息。在下面兩個(gè)例子中，前一個(gè)屬第一種情況，后一種屬第二種情況： The mentary of the sixteenthcentury literary scholars Bernardo Segni and Lionardo Salviati shows them to be lessthanfaithful followers of Aristotle1.….Technological advancements have brought advantages as well as unexpected problems2.—————————————
Notes1 Examples are conveniently available in Weinberg. See Segni, Rettorica et poetica d39。Aristotile (Firenze, 1549) 281, qtd. in Weinberg 1:405, and Salviati, Poetica d39。Aristotle parafrasata e netata, 1586, ms. , Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Firenze, 140v, qtd. in Weinberg 1:61617.2 For a sampling of materials that reflect the range of experiences related to recent technological changes, see Moulthrop, pars. 3953。 Armstr