【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 )在句子中作同位語表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞或代詞的語氣)。如：The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好)： 指示說明近處或者遠(yuǎn)處、上文或者下文、以前或者現(xiàn)在的人或事物。單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)含義this(這個)these(這些)指較近的人和物that(那個)those(那些)指較遠(yuǎn)的人和物such (這樣的人/物)指上文提過的人和物same (同樣的人/物)指和上文提過的相同的人和物it (這人/這物)指不太清楚是誰或者是什么時指示代詞既可以單獨(dú)使用做句子的主語、賓語或表語,也可以作定語修飾名詞。如：What’s this?(這是什么？) That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飛機(jī)是塑料做的)(被動句) Remember never to do such things.(記得永遠(yuǎn)不要做這樣的事情) Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老師說的做)/ Who is it?(是誰？) It’s me!(是我！)關(guān)系代詞：用來引導(dǎo)定語從句的代詞叫關(guān)系代詞,參見后面的定語從句。 關(guān)系代詞who 、which、 that 、whom 等,將定語從句和主句連接起來。英語中的關(guān)系代詞一方面在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分,另一方面又起連接作用。 如：The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在畫畫的學(xué)生是一年級的) 關(guān)系代詞who / whom指人,如果作從句的賓語,則有時省略。如：Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你認(rèn)識那個戴著紅帽子的男人嗎？) 關(guān)系代詞which 指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時省略。如：Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到幾天前丟失的那本書了嗎？)關(guān)系代詞that既可指人也可指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時省略。如：Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得見順著河跑的男人/狗了嗎？)連接代詞：用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句、主語從句或表語從句的連接詞稱連接代詞。 英語中連接代詞主要有：what(什么),who(誰),whom(誰),which(哪個),whose(誰的)。詳見相應(yīng)從句。不定代詞：代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。單數(shù)含義someanynonone//each(every)oneeither,neithersothe other,another復(fù)合不定代詞不可數(shù)含義muchlittle,a littleall/////復(fù)數(shù)含義manyfew,a fewonesbothothers,the others注：復(fù)合不定代詞有12個：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(沒事),nobody(沒有人), no one(沒有人),everything(一切), everyone(每個人), everybody(每個人). (1)some和 any 的用法：some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“幾個”、“一些”、“某個”作定語時可修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。如：I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做) They will go there some day.(他們有朝一日會去那兒) some 用于疑問句時,表示建議、請求或希望得到肯定回答。如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡嗎？)any 一般用于疑問句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一個”,作定語時可修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如：They didn’t have any friends here. (他們在這里沒有朋友)/Have you got any questions to ask?(你有問題要問嗎？)any 用于肯定句時,意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(隨便帶什么朋友來吧。)(2)no和none的用法：no是形容詞,只能作定語表示,意思是“沒有”,修飾可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))或不可數(shù)名詞。如：There is no time left. Please hurry up.(沒有時間了,請快點(diǎn)) They had no reading books to lend.(他們沒有閱讀用書可以出借)none只能獨(dú)立使用,在句子中可作主語、賓語和表語,意思是“沒有一個人(或事物)”,表示復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)。如：None of them is/are in the classroom.(他們當(dāng)中沒有一個在教室里) I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的書,但沒有一本是有趣的) (3)all和both的用法：all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞；也可用來代替或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。both指兩個人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞。all和both在句子中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。如：I know all of the four British students in their school.(他們學(xué)校里四個英國學(xué)生我全認(rèn)識) Would you like this one or that one? –Both.(你要這個還是那個？兩個都要。)all和both既可以修飾名詞(all/both+(the)+名詞),也可以獨(dú)立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如：All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都調(diào)皮)(4)every和each用法：every是形容詞,只能作定語修飾單數(shù)名詞,意思是“每一個”,表示整體概念；each是形容詞、代詞,可用作主語、賓語、定語等,意思是“每個”或者“各個”,表示單個概念；each可以放在名詞前,可以后跟of短語,與動詞同時出現(xiàn)時要放在“be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞”之后或者行為動詞之前every和each都用作單數(shù)理解,但是下文中既可以用單數(shù)的代詞(如he/him/his)也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的代詞(如they/them/their)替代。如：Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每個學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)都很用功) / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他們很忙,人人都有事干) (5)either和neither的用法：either意思是“兩個中間的任何一個”；neither是either的否定形式,意思是“兩個都不”。neither和either在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語等,都用作單數(shù)。如：I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,兩個之中隨便哪個都行) / Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train(你坐公車去還是坐轎車去？一個都不坐,我坐火車去。)(6)other、the other和another的用法：other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有復(fù)數(shù)形式。在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語。another意思是“另外”、“又一個”,表示增加,在句中可作賓語和定語。如：Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大蘋果樹下唱歌,別的就躺在草地上說話) / You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已經(jīng)吃了好幾塊餅子了,你真的還要一塊？)I want another four books.(我還要四本書)another(另外的,再一,又一)與the other(另外的一個) 主要從數(shù)量上區(qū)分,只有兩個時用the other,在原先基礎(chǔ)上增加用another。如： This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?(這是你的一只襪子,還有一只呢？) I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.(我已經(jīng)吃了4塊蛋糕,但是我還要以塊。)others與the others的主要區(qū)別：others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分)；the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如：A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.(有幾個學(xué)生在踢足球,其他一些人在觀看)Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十個男孩中有兩個站著,其他人都圍著他們坐著。)(7)many和much的用法：many意思是“很多”,與可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)連用；much意思是“很多”,與不可數(shù)名詞連用。它們在句中可作主語、賓語和定語等。如：I don’t have many friends here.(在這里我沒有很多的朋友。) Many died in the bus accident.(許多人在公交車禍中喪失) / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的幫助之下我們能學(xué)到很多) many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of。 many / much用于肯定句時可以在前面加上so、very或too.如： There are a lot of people on the playground.(操場上有許多的人)/ They haven’t got much work to do.(他們沒有多少事情可做) / There are too many people in the room.(房間里人太多了。)(8)few、little、a few、a little的用法：few、little意思是“很少幾個”、“幾乎沒有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有幾個”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 few、a few與可數(shù)名詞連用或代替可數(shù)的事物, little、a little與不可數(shù)名詞連用或代替不可數(shù)的事物。它們在句中可作主語、賓語和定語。如：He is very poor and he has little money.(他很窮,幾乎沒有什么錢。) / Don’t worry. There is still a little time left.(別著急,還有一點(diǎn)兒時間呢。) / In that polar region there live few people.(在那個極地地區(qū)幾乎不住人) / You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以從他那兒弄到一些糖果)(9)復(fù)合不定代詞somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing 構(gòu)成的,叫做復(fù)合不定代詞,在句子中當(dāng)單數(shù)使用。somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中；anything, anybody, anyone一般用于疑問句、否定句和條件狀語從句中。修飾復(fù)合不定代詞的定語,應(yīng)放在它們的后面。如：Hey, Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,麗麗,門外有人。) Did you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?(上個星期天你來學(xué)校時見到什么人了嗎？)/He has nothing much to do today.(他今天沒有多少事情做) (10)one與ones用來代替上文的一個或多個人或事物,前面可以加冠詞、形容詞、指示代詞、which等。如： Which jacket would you like, this one or that one?(你要哪件夾克,這件還是那件？ / I don’t like the green ones.(我不喜歡綠色的那些) (11)so可以代替一件事情,作句子的賓語或表語。如： I don’t think so.(我認(rèn)為不是這樣的。)