【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 effective munication and mechanisms for resolving conflicts among the various participants. ，包括范圍劃分，預(yù)算編制，時(shí)間安排，設(shè)定績效要求以及選擇項(xiàng)目參與者。，通過采購勞動(dòng)力，材料和設(shè)備來最大限度地提高資源利用效率，設(shè)計(jì)，估計(jì)，承包和施工進(jìn)行適當(dāng)協(xié)調(diào)和控制。 The Project management Institute focuses on nine distinct areas requiring project management knowledge and attention: 1. Project integration management to ensure that the various project elements are effectively coordinated. 2. Project scope management to ensure that all the work required(and only the required work ) is included. 3. Project time management to provide an effective project schedule . 4. Project cost management to identify needed resources and maintain budget control . 5. Project quality management tu ensure functional requirements are met . 6. Project human resource management to development and effectively employ project personnel . 7. Project munications management to ensure effective internal and external munications . 8. Project risk management to analyze and mitigate potential risks . 9. Project procurement management to obtain necessary resources from external sources . 項(xiàng)目管理研究所重點(diǎn)關(guān)注需要項(xiàng)目管理知識(shí)和注意力的九個(gè)不同領(lǐng)域：，確保各項(xiàng)目要素得到有效協(xié)調(diào)。，以確保所需的所有工作（僅需要工作）。，以確定所需資源并維持預(yù)算控制。 。，有效聘用項(xiàng)目人員。，以確保有效的內(nèi)部和外部溝通。，分析和減輕潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。These nine areas form the basis of the Project Management Institute’s certification program for project managers in any industry . 這九個(gè)領(lǐng)域是項(xiàng)目管理研究所對(duì)任何行業(yè)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的認(rèn)證計(jì)劃的基礎(chǔ)。Unit5 Bidding and Tendering of Construction Projects第5單元建設(shè)項(xiàng)目招投標(biāo)Section 1 Bidding Procedure of Construction Projects建設(shè)項(xiàng)目招標(biāo)程序The implementing agencies of borrowing countries can use a variety of procurement methods on World Bankfinanced projects.(在世界銀行貸款項(xiàng)目中借款國的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)可以利用各種的采購方法。 ) The method selected depends on a number of factors including the type of goods or services being procured ,the value of the goods or services being procured, the potential interest of foreign bidders and even the cost of the procurement process itself. (方法的選擇取決于很多因素，包括商品或服務(wù)采購的類型，商品或服務(wù)的價(jià)值的外購，外國競(jìng)標(biāo)者的潛在利益乃至整個(gè)采購過程本身的成本 )The overall objective of the guidelines how to select procurement methods is to allow borrowing countries to buy high quality goods and services as economically as possible.(如何選擇采購方式總體目標(biāo)的指引是允許借款的國家盡可能經(jīng)濟(jì)地購買高質(zhì)量的商品和服務(wù) ) In the World Bank’s experience, this objective is best achieved through transparent, formal petitive bidding. (在世界銀行的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這個(gè)目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)最好的方法是通過透明的，正式的競(jìng)標(biāo)。 )For the procurement of equipment and civil works, International Competitive Bidding (ICB) is the procurement method the World Bank encourage its borrowers to use in the majority of cases(對(duì)設(shè)備及土建工程采購，在大多數(shù)情況下世界銀行鼓勵(lì)借款人使用國際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性招標(biāo)（ICB）采購方法。 ). Under ICB, cost is the primary factor in determining a winning bid.（在國際上，成本是決定中標(biāo)的主要因素。 ）Other methods for procuring goods and civil works include Limited International Bidding, National Competitive Bidding, International Shopping, and Direct Contracting.(采購產(chǎn)品和土建工程的其他方法包括有限國際招標(biāo)，國內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性招標(biāo)，國際購物，并直接承包 ) This section outlines the bidding process of International Competitive Bidding.(本節(jié)概述了國際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性招標(biāo)投標(biāo)過程。 )通知給所有合格的潛在投標(biāo)人，并為他們提供對(duì)所需貨物和工程進(jìn)行投標(biāo)的平等機(jī)會(huì)。 ) Notification （發(fā)布招標(biāo)公告）Timely notification of bidding opportunities is essential in petitive bidding. For projects which include procurement on the basis of ICB, the Borrower is required to prepare and submit to the Bank a draft General Procurement Notice. The Bank will arrange for its publication in Development Business (UNDB). The Notice shall contain information concerning the Borrower (or prospective Borrower), amount and purpose of the loan, scope of procurement under ICB, and the name and address of the Borrower’s agency responsible for procurement and the address of the Website where specific procurement notices will be posted. If known, the scheduled date for availability of prequalification or bidding documents should be indicated. The Borrower shall maintain a list of responses to the notice. Procurement Notice shall be updated annually for all outstanding procurement. 及時(shí)通知投標(biāo)的機(jī)會(huì)，是招標(biāo)中必不可少的。包括對(duì)招標(biāo)采購基礎(chǔ)上的項(xiàng)目，借款人需準(zhǔn)備和提交的銀行匯票的總采購公告。銀行將其發(fā)布在發(fā)展商業(yè)出版物（報(bào)）。該通知應(yīng)包含有關(guān)借款人（或潛在的借款人）的信息，貸款金額和用途，在招標(biāo)采購范圍的名稱和地址，以及借款人負(fù)責(zé)采購的機(jī)構(gòu)和網(wǎng)站的地址刊登具體采購?fù)ǜ?。如果已知的，預(yù)定的資格預(yù)審文件或招標(biāo)文件的可用性日期應(yīng)注明。借款人應(yīng)保留一份回應(yīng)通知。視情況而定所確定的資格預(yù)審文件或招標(biāo)文件不得早于刊登總采購?fù)ㄖ瞻酥芎蟀l(fā)放。一般采購?fù)ㄖ獞?yīng)為每年所有優(yōu)秀的采購更新。Prequalification of Bidders（資格預(yù)審）This also ensures that invitations to bid are extended only to those who have adequate capabilities and resources. Prequalification may also be useful to determine eligibility for preference for domestic contractors where this is allowed. Prequalification shall be based entirely upon the capability and resources of prospective bidders to perform the particular contract satisfactorily, taking into account their (i) experience and past performance on similar contracts , (ii) capabilities with respect to personnel, equipment, and construction or manufacturing facilities,and (iii) financial position.(資格預(yù)審是通常用于大型或復(fù)雜的工作，或在任何準(zhǔn)備詳細(xì)的報(bào)價(jià)高成本可能會(huì)阻礙競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的其他情況下，如定制設(shè)備，工業(yè)設(shè)備，專業(yè)的服務(wù)，和合同要在交鑰匙工程，設(shè)計(jì)和建造，或合同管理。這也確保投標(biāo)邀請(qǐng)函只延伸到那些有足夠的能力和資源的人。資格預(yù)審也可能有助于確定被允許資格的國內(nèi)承包商的偏好。令人滿意地履行合同而言，考慮到他們的（i）對(duì)類似合同的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和過去的表現(xiàn)，（ii）能力方面的人員，設(shè)備，施工或制造設(shè)施，及（iii）財(cái)務(wù)狀況，資格預(yù)審將完全取決于潛在買家的能力和資源 )Borrowers shall inform all applicants of the results of prequalification. As soon as prequalification is pleted, the bidding documents shall be made available to the qualified prospective bidders. For prequalification for groups of contracts to be awarded over a period of time, a limit for the number or total value of awards to be any one bidder may be made on the basis of the bidder’s resources. The list of prequalified firms in such instances shall be updated periodically. Verification of the information provided in the submission for prequalification shall be confirmed at the time of award of contract, and award may be denied to a bidder that is judged to no longer have the capability or resources to successfully perform the contract.(借款人應(yīng)通知所有申請(qǐng)人資格預(yù)審的結(jié)果。當(dāng)資格預(yù)審結(jié)束后，招標(biāo)文件應(yīng)被提供給合格的潛在投標(biāo)人。在合同被授予的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)對(duì)組織預(yù)審，對(duì)號(hào)碼或獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)總價(jià)值限制任何一個(gè)投標(biāo)人可以對(duì)投標(biāo)人的資源基礎(chǔ)。在這樣的情況下，對(duì)通過資格預(yù)審的公司名單將定期更新。在提交資格預(yù)審信息提供的驗(yàn)證應(yīng)在授予合同時(shí)確認(rèn)，并可以獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)判斷不再否認(rèn)有能力和資源來完成合同一個(gè)投標(biāo)人