【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ?；瘜W(xué)科學(xué)誕生了，它涉及到理解物質(zhì)的性質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)如何在材料中產(chǎn)生理想的變化。新的內(nèi)燃機(jī)正在研制中需要燃料?？焖僭鲩L的機(jī)械裝置需要潤滑劑。房屋、金屬制品、船舶等需要防護(hù)涂層。染料是制造各種消費(fèi)品所必需的。稍晚。人工材料需要執(zhí)行某些功能，而這些功能不能用天然材料進(jìn)行。這一工程領(lǐng)域自然就被稱為化學(xué)工程。Industry工業(yè)After making clear of science and engineering, it is time to talk about the term “industry”. A clear indication of the way in which human effort has been harnessed as a force for the mercial production o163。 goods and services is the change in meaning of the word industry. Coming from the Latin word industria, meaning “diligent activity directed to some purpose” and its descendant, Old French industrie, with the senses “activity”，“ability”，and “a trade or occupation”，our word (first recorded in 1475) originally meant “skill”，“a device”，and “diligence” as well as“atrade”. As more and more human effort over the course of the Industrial Revolution became involved in producing goodsand services for sale, the last sense of industry as well as the slightly newer sense “systematic work or habitual employment” grew in importance, to a large extent taking over the word. We can even speak now of the Shakespeare industry, rather like the garment industry. The sense “diligence，assiduity”，lives on, however, perhaps even to survive industry itself. From the origin of this word, we can find that it means a variety of economic or social ，現(xiàn)在是談?wù)摴I(yè)術(shù)語的時候了。一個明確的跡象表明，人類努力被用來作為商品和服務(wù)的商業(yè)生產(chǎn)的力量，這是詞工業(yè)的含義的改變。來自拉丁語的產(chǎn)業(yè)，意思是“勤奮的活動指向某種目的，和其后裔。古老的法國公司，用感官”，能力，和一個行業(yè)或職業(yè)的人，我們的話（第一記錄1475）原本的技能，設(shè)備，和“”以及“貿(mào)易”。隨著越來越多的人類在工業(yè)革命過程中的努力被卷入生產(chǎn)商品和服務(wù)的銷售中，最后一種工業(yè)意識，以及一種稍有意義的“系統(tǒng)工作或習(xí)慣性就業(yè)”變得越來越重要，在很大程度上接管了這個詞。我們現(xiàn)在甚至可以談?wù)撋勘葋喒I(yè)，而更像服裝業(yè)。意為“勤奮、勤勉、生活甚至生存，但是，行業(yè)本身。從這個詞的起源，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)它意味著電子和社會的不同Large Scale ProductionAs industrial organizations emerged to make use of the rapidly developing array of technological innovations, the size and plexity of manufacturing units increased dramatically. Large scale production was made possible through three important concepts:(1)Interchangeability of parts.(2)Specialization of labor.(3)Standardization.Through large scale production the unit cost of consumer products was reduced dramatically大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)作為產(chǎn)業(yè)組織應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，利用迅速發(fā)展的一系列技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，制造單位的規(guī)模和復(fù)雜性急劇增加。大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)是通過三個重要的概念成為可能（）零件的互換性（2）勞動分工（3）通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的消費(fèi)品的單位成本大大降低The Origination of IE IE的基礎(chǔ)的起源The base was now laid for a dramatic shift in the lifestyles and cultures of industrialized countries. Within nearly twenty years the People’s Republic of China and other developing countries changed largely rural, agricultural economies and societies to urban, industrialized economies and societies. The suddenness of this change is probably the cause of many of today’s urgent problems, for example，pollution，diseases, traffic crowding and agricultural modernization and so on.During the early part of this movement it was recognized that business and management practices that had worked well for small shops and farms simply were inadequatefor lsu^e, plex manufacturing organization. The need for better management systems led to the development of what is now called industrial engineering. IE的基礎(chǔ)的起源現(xiàn)在援助在生活方式和工業(yè)化國家文化的一個戲劇性的轉(zhuǎn)變，在近二十年的中華人民共和國和其他發(fā)展中國家的農(nóng)村發(fā)生了巨大的變化，農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會的城市，工業(yè)化經(jīng)濟(jì)體等測。這一意外的變化可能是導(dǎo)致今天的許多亟待解決的問題，例如，污染，疾病，交通擁擠、農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化等在初期這一運(yùn)動認(rèn)為商業(yè)和管理實(shí)踐，曾為小商店和小農(nóng)場根本不足較為復(fù)雜的制造組織更好的管理系統(tǒng)導(dǎo)致現(xiàn)在所謂的工業(yè)工程發(fā)展的需要The Definition of Industrial Engineering工業(yè)工程的正式定義The following formal definition of industrial engineering has been adopted by the Institute of Industrial Engineers ( HE):Industrial engineering is concerned with the design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of people, materials, information, equipment, and energy. It draws upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mechanical, physical, and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design to specify, predict, and evaluate, the results to be obtained from such （他工業(yè)工程關(guān)注的是設(shè)計(jì)的改進(jìn)，以及人們，集成系統(tǒng)的安裝材料信息、設(shè)備和能源。通過對專業(yè)知識和技能的機(jī)械、物理和海洋科學(xué)再加上工程分析和設(shè)計(jì)的原則和方法來指定預(yù)測，并評估從這種情況下使用的系統(tǒng)中獲得的結(jié)果As used in this context, the term i is intended to be interpreted in the most general way as mentioned above. Although the termindustrialis often associated with manufacturing organization, here it is intended to apfdy to any organization. The basic principles of industrial engineerir^ are being applied widely in agriculture, education, hospitals, banks, government oi^anizations, and so 。雖然工業(yè)術(shù)語常常與制造組織聯(lián)系在一起。這是任何組織電子工業(yè)engineerir ASC原理被廣泛應(yīng)用于農(nóng)業(yè)、教育、醫(yī)院、銀行、政府、組織、等等Read this definition again. Imagine any large factory that you have seen in which thousands of workers, hundreds of machines, a large variety of materials and thousands and millions of yuans must be bined in the most productive, costeffective manner. Think about a large city that also requires millions of workers, millions of vehicles and other machinery, materials, and thousands and milEons of yuans in order to deliver services required by public. Imagine how much more effectively the city could be run if the principles of industrial engineering were applied再次閱讀這個定義。想象一下，你所看到的任何大型工廠的數(shù)千名工人，數(shù)以百計(jì)的機(jī)器，有很多材料和數(shù)以千萬計(jì)的人民幣必須結(jié)合最有生產(chǎn)力的具有成本效益的方式。想想一個需要數(shù)百萬工人的大城市。數(shù)百萬輛汽車和其他機(jī)械，材料，和成千上萬元為了提供所需的公共服務(wù)。想象一下，如果工業(yè)工程的原理被應(yīng)用，城市的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)會更加有效。1.Industrial engineering (IE) is emerging as one of the classic and nove[ professions that will be counted for solving plex and systematic problems in the highly technological world of today.句意：作為一種古老和新穎的專業(yè)之一，工業(yè)工程的出現(xiàn)將用來解決當(dāng)今 高度技術(shù)發(fā)展的世界所遇到的復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)問題。classic意味著工業(yè)工程是一個古老的專業(yè)，有一百多年的歷史；novel意味 著工業(yè)工程一直致力于改革和創(chuàng)新，緊跟時代步伐并致力于解決當(dāng)今社會的現(xiàn) 實(shí)問題。2.Industrial engineering is concerned with the design, improvement, andinstallation of integrated systems of people, materials., information, equipment, and energy. Jt draws upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mechanical, physical, and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design to specify, predict, and evaluate, the results to be obtained from such systems.句意：工業(yè)工程是對由人員、物料、信息、設(shè)備和能源所組成的集成系統(tǒng) 進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)、改善和設(shè)置的一門學(xué)科。它綜合運(yùn)用數(shù)學(xué)、物理學(xué)和社會科學(xué)方面 的專門知識和技術(shù)，以及工程分析和設(shè)計(jì)的原理與方法，對該系統(tǒng)所取得的成 果進(jìn)行鑒定、預(yù)測和評價。Unit 2 History of Industrial EngineeringThe Formulation of Indu