【文章內容簡介】 in the problems of authority, divisions of labor, discipline, unity of mand, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaningful to management today. But the real impetus to management as an emerging profession was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes。 among them John Kay’s flying Shuttle in 1733. James Hargrove’s’ Spinning Jenny in 1770, Samuel Compton’s Mule Spinner in 1779 and Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom in 1785. 51. The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that 　　A. politicians tax everything B. people are skeptical about the values of pure research C. government should support scientists D. he was rejected by his government 52. Management is defined as 　　A. the creator of the Industrial Revolution B. supervising subordinates C. the art of getting things done D. an emerging profession 53. Management came into its own 　　A. in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms B. in Hannibal’s famous trip across the Alps C. in the development of early Christian Church D. in the eighteenth century 54. A problem of management NOT mentioned in this passage is 　　 A. the problem of mand B. division of labor C. control by authority D. petition Questions 55 to 58 are based on the following passage: By education, I mean the influence of the environment upon the individual to produce a permanent change in the habits of behavior, of thought and of attitude. It is in being thus susceptible(容易受影響的)to the environment that man differs from the animals, and the higher animals from the lower. The lower animals are influenced by the environment but not in the direction of changing their habits. Their instinctive responses are few and fixed by heredity(遺傳；繼承). When transferred to an unnatural situation, such an animal is led astray by its instincts. Thus the “antlion” whose instinct implies it to bore into loose sand by pushing backwards with abdomen(腹部)，goes backwards on a plate of glass as soon as danger threatens, and endeavors, with the utmost exertions to bore into it . It knows no other mode of flight, “or if such a lonely animal is engaged upon a chain of actions and is interrupted, it either goes on vainly with the remaining actions(as useless as cultivating an unsown field)or dies in helpless inactivity”. Thus a netmaking spider which digs a burrow and rims it with a bastion(堡壘)of gravel and bits of wood, when removed from a half finished home, will not begin again, though it will continue another burrow, even one made with a pencil. Advance in the scale of evolution along such lines as these could only be made by the emergence of creatures with more and more plicated instincts. Such beings we know in the ants and spiders. But another line of advance was destined to open out a much more farreaching possibility of which we do not see the end perhaps even in man. Habits, instead of being born readymade(when they are called instincts and not habits at all )were left more and more to the formative influence of the environment, of which the most important factor was the parent who now cared for the young animal during a period of infancy in which vaguer instincts than those of the insects were molded to suit surroundings which might be considerably changed without harm. This means, one might at first imagine, that gradually heredity bees less and environment more important. But this is hardly the truth and certainly not the whole truth. For although fixed automatic responses like those of the insectlike creatures are no longer inherited, although selection for purification of that sort is no longer going on, yet selection for educability is very definitely still of importance. The ability to acquire habits can be conceivably inherited just as much as can definite re responses to narrow situations. Besides, since a mechanismis now, for the first time, created by which the individual (in contradiction to the species) can be fitted to the environment, the latter bees, in another sense, less not more important. And finally, less not the higher animals who possess the power of changing their environment by engineering feats and the like, a power possessed to some extent even by the beaver (海貍),and preeminently(卓越地)by man. Environment and heredity are in no case exclusive but5 alwayssupplementary factors. 55. Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage? A. The Evolution of Insects B. Environment and Heredity C. Education: The Influence of the Environment D. The Instincts of Animals 56. What can be inferred from the example of the antlion in the first paragraph? A. Instincts of animals can lead to unreasonable reactions in strange situations. B. When it is engaged in a chain actions it cannot be interrupted. C. Environment and heredity are two supplementary factors in the evolution of insects. D. Along the lines of evolution heredity bees less and environment more important. 57. Based on the example provided in the passage, we can tell that when a spider is removed to a new position where half of a net has been made, it will probably. 　　A. begin a pletely new net B. destroy the halfnet C. spin the test of the net D. stay away from the net 58. Which of the following is true about habits according to the passage? A. They are natural endowments to living creatures B. They are more important than instincts to all animals C. They are subject to the formative influence of the environment. D. They are destined to open out a much more farreaching possibility in the evolution of human beings. Questions 59 to 62 are based on the following passage: One of the saddest things about the period in which we live is the growing estrangement(疏遠)between America and Europe. This