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troop levels,raising the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.分析:這里raising明顯不對(duì),在短語(yǔ)“raising the rebel flag on holidays”里還是做動(dòng)詞用!只是因?yàn)橛薪樵~form,所以要變成ing形式,這就是現(xiàn)在分詞?。。。?! 2) 要想和其他動(dòng)詞性名詞平行,就得把動(dòng)名詞復(fù)雜化,把它變成真正的名詞作用。一般的,就是在動(dòng)名詞前面加量詞a, an, the或者在動(dòng)名詞前面加形容詞,然后再在動(dòng)名詞后面+of…,這樣徹底就變成名詞了。這樣的動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)才能和其他動(dòng)詞性名詞平行。 根據(jù)這個(gè)規(guī)律,上面的錯(cuò)句子應(yīng)該改成:Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces fromdisputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels,THE raising OF the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon. 178。 如果這個(gè)動(dòng)作本身就有名詞形式,就不要去創(chuàng)造一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)形式。Example:Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from prisoners.Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from prisoners.178。 動(dòng)名詞要避免用“X’s+動(dòng)名詞”形式, 可以用“物主代詞+動(dòng)名詞”(有效性錯(cuò)誤)178。 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞平行The plant BOTH exceeded output targets AND ran more smoothly than ever.178。 不定式和不定式平行1) 除了第一個(gè)不定式,其他不定式都可以省略to,但格式要一致,省略to就都省略,不省略to就都不省略:Example:Wrong: It is critical to suspend activities, to notify investors AND saynothing.(紅色字體部分格式不一致)2) 當(dāng)?shù)谝粋€(gè)不定式前面有parallel maker時(shí),后面的不定式的to都不可以省略:Right: It is critical either to suspend activities or to notify investors.分析:“either”就是parallel maker 這樣的parallel maker有:both…and…。 not…but…。 not only…but also…。 from…to…。 either…or…。 neither…nor…。 distinguish X from Y, As X, So Y, estimate X to be Y, pared to X, Y…, think of X as Y, consider X Y, make X Y, declare X Y, Mistake X For Y, Whether X Or Y, regard X As Y 178。 形容詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞可以平行(分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)) Example: 178。 不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞在句尾的區(qū)別1) 不定式在句尾表示目的2) 現(xiàn)在分詞在句尾表示結(jié)果或伴隨Present Participle: Investors sold the stock rapidly, CAUSING panic. Infinitive: Investors sold the stock rapidly TO CAUSE panic.如果句中沒有明確表示是指目的,就用現(xiàn)在分詞! 178。 從句平行從句只有和引導(dǎo)詞相同的從句才可以平行!除此之外,和任何詞、短語(yǔ)、從句都不平行。Example: on display. still fresh, is on display. 178。 關(guān)于either…or…的平行Either…or…在句子中位置的不同,導(dǎo)致平行的變化如下(OG SC 56):A. either在動(dòng)詞前面:??either fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or fashionedfromGandharan grey schis.B. Either 在介詞前面:??fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or fromGandharan grey schis.C. Either 在名詞前面:??fashioned from either the spotted sandstone of Mathura orGandharan grey schis. 178。 總結(jié):平行的8大常見考點(diǎn) 1 比較結(jié)構(gòu)u 比較結(jié)構(gòu)的信號(hào)詞: 178。 最重要的四個(gè)信號(hào)詞是:like,unlike,than,as!遇到這四個(gè)詞,就一定要注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)的考點(diǎn)。先找出比較的兩個(gè)對(duì)象,然后從邏輯上判斷這兩個(gè)對(duì)象是否是同種性質(zhì)相比較的;從語(yǔ)法上判斷是否語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)平行。下圖是其他比較結(jié)構(gòu)信號(hào)詞: u as 和 like(更高階的請(qǐng)看曼哈頓P248249)178。 like1) like是一個(gè)介詞,后面只能跟名詞、代詞和名詞短語(yǔ),不能跟從句和介詞短語(yǔ)。Like是用于兩個(gè)名詞間的比較的。Right: LIKE her brother. Ava aced the test.2) Like后可以跟動(dòng)名詞:like swimming,running….3) Like不能用來(lái)舉例:amp。quot。the preferred way to introduce examples is withphrase such as, rather than with the word like, which suggests aparision.amp。quot。Such as在舉例的時(shí)候,可以分開,如:such crops as corn and beans4) unlike和like短語(yǔ)都可以放在句首或句尾。此時(shí),跟在unlike和like后面的名詞都只是與句子主語(yǔ)作比較 178。 AsAs是可以當(dāng)介詞(引導(dǎo)名詞),也可以當(dāng)連詞使用(引導(dǎo)句子),as當(dāng)介詞時(shí),不是比較的作用,也不是“相似”的意思,而是翻譯為“作為”的意思,所以只有當(dāng)as是連詞時(shí),才能表比較。因此as只可以引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)完整句子的比較,不能引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)名詞的比較。 Example:Wrong: LIKE her brother DID, Ava aced the test.Right: AS her brother DID, Ava aced the test.在GMAT中,as和like都可以引導(dǎo)比較,不過as引導(dǎo)句子,like引導(dǎo)名詞,如下例:Right:Like her brother, Ava aced the testRight:As her brother did, Ava aced the test.As作比較時(shí)的變體固定搭配Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, the buses are late today. Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, SO TOO are they latetoday.u 邏輯上平行即兩個(gè)用于比較的對(duì)象要是相類似的東西,是同性質(zhì)的東西。 Wrong:Frank’s build, LIKE his brother, is broad and muscular.以上這個(gè)句子中,比較對(duì)象是“Frank’s build”和”his brother”,體格和人怎么能比較呢,所以是邏輯上不平行,邏輯錯(cuò)誤。正確的表達(dá)方式有以下兩種,其中第一句中的相同的詞“build”就省略了,避免重復(fù);第二句用that代替build也是可行的方法。 Right: Frank’s build, LIKE his brother’s, is broad and muscular.Right: Frank’s build, LIKE that of his brother is broad and muscular. Right: Frank, LIKE his brother, has a broad and muscular build. u 語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上平行詳細(xì)內(nèi)容參見平行那一章u 詞語(yǔ)省略(只要邏輯合理,重復(fù)的都能省,所以邏輯為王!)178。 在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中,所有格’s后面的重復(fù)內(nèi)容通常都省略My car is bigger than Brian’s [car}. My toes are longer than Brian’s [toes}. My car is bigger than the Smiths’ [car}. My toes are longer than the Smiths’ [toes}. 178。 只要沒有歧義,重復(fù)提到的單詞、詞組甚至是句子都可以省略In general, you should put in the omitted words or appropriate Helping Verbs (such as be,do, and have) only if you need’ to remove ambiguity.Example:Right: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 [quarts}. Right: I walk faster than Brian [walks}.Right: I walk as fast now as [I walked} when I was younger.178。 怎么判斷產(chǎn)生歧義與否一般的,比較對(duì)象在句中都充當(dāng)同樣的成分,如主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。如果在后的比較對(duì)象既可以理解為在原句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),又可以充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),且都沒有邏輯錯(cuò)誤和語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,那就產(chǎn)生歧義了。Example:Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. {Yvette could be subject or object.} Yvette在原句中既可以做主語(yǔ),表示“我比Yvette更愛芝士”;也可以做賓語(yǔ),表示“我愛芝士比我愛Yvette多”,產(chǎn)生了歧義。178。 如何消除歧義1) 當(dāng)比較對(duì)象做賓語(yǔ)時(shí),將省略的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)都補(bǔ)充完整Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)如何補(bǔ)充完整:把than前面的比較對(duì)象cheese換成Yvette,謂語(yǔ)like由助動(dòng)詞代替,然后照抄到than后面。2) 當(dāng)比較對(duì)象做主語(yǔ)時(shí),將助動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)充進(jìn)來(lái)Right: I like cheese