【文章內容簡介】 大多數(shù)人在絕大多數(shù)情況下，都是現(xiàn)實主義者通過 容易成功的學科學習讓 絕大多數(shù)學生 更加 成功? 學的簡單? 符合規(guī)律思路例題 Claim:Imaginationisamorevaluableassetthanexperience.Reason:Peoplewholackexperiencearefreetoimaginewhatispossiblewithouttheconstraintsofestablishedhabitsandattitudes.[理想與現(xiàn)實、創(chuàng)新與繼承 ]Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaimandthereasononwhichthatclaimisbased.文章結構思路反思主觀：想象力客觀：基于經(jīng)驗的認知規(guī)律客觀強調存在主觀強調超越（ transcendentalism）對于比較類型的題目，如： Imaginationisamorevaluableassetthanexperience.可以談兩者同等重要存在論例題TheluxuriesandconveniencesofcontemporarylifepreventpeoplefromdevelopingintotrulystrongandindependentindividualsWritearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.文章結構思路反思? 心外無物? 任何既成的事實都是在人腦中的映像? Innerheartdecidesouterworld? 奢侈品和便利品關鍵看 使用者如何去看待他們練習Theprimarygoaloftechnologicaladvancementshouldbetoincreasepeople39。sefficiencysothattheyhavemoreleisuretimeWritearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.思路認識論EPISTEMOLOGY知識 到底是經(jīng)驗的（ EMPIRICAL）還是超驗的（TRANSCENDENTAL）幾 個問題給大家思考? 美，到底是主觀的還是客觀的？? 這個世界上到底存不存在上帝？? 為什么 2+2=4？是因為 1+1=2么？那么為什么 1+1=2？? 實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標準，這句話對么？? IsaacNewtonvsAlbertEinsteinKNOWLEDGEISBASEDONOUREXPERIENCEANDLOGICS,YETKNOWLEDGEITSELFDOESNOTEQUALTOTRUTH,FORTRUTHCANONLYBEAPPROXIMATEDBUTNEVERREACHED.ASARESULT一道曾經(jīng)做過的題目Claim:Imaginationisamorevaluableassetthanexperience.Reason:Peoplewholackexperiencearefreetoimaginewhatispossiblewithouttheconstraintsofestablishedhabitsandattitudes.[理想與現(xiàn)實、創(chuàng)新與繼承 ]Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaimandthereasononwhichthatclaimisbased.思路過往經(jīng)驗由于人類認知能力的局限，有可能是錯誤的例題Studentsshouldalwaysquestionwhattheyaretaughtinsteadofacceptingitpassively.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.文章結構思路Acquiringknowledge,studentsshouldadoptcriticalthinking,foritistheonlymeanstosecludefalsehoodandapproximatethetruth? Knowledgetaughtbytheteacherorallegedinthebookcouldbeoutdatedandmisleading.? QuestioningmotivatesstudentsandensurestheirreceptionofknowledgeCriticalthinkingisbasedonthoroughprehensionoftheexistingknowledge,notquestioningforquestioning’ssake? Certainpremisesofknowledgeshouldnotbeeasilychallenged,forthechallengeofthoseaxiomsarenotpatibleforthemoststudents? Criticalthinkingisrational,andrationalityrequiresinstructionalscaffoldingthatcannotbequestioned反思批判的是必要的，但是其前提是繼承批判思維的過程：? 感性上升為理性? 具體上升為抽象? 特殊上升為一般批判思維的特征是：不斷否定，在否定中找到人生的真諦教育的 本質：通過束縛和繼承的方式達到顛覆和啟迪目的例題Educatorsshouldteachfactsonlyaftertheirstudentshavestudiedtheideas,trends,andconceptsthathelpexplainthosefacts.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeremendationandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,describespecificcircumstancesinwhichadoptingtheremendationwouldorwouldnotbeadvantageousandexplainhowtheseexamplesshapeyourposition.文章結構思路Forefficiency’sake,teachingtrendsandconceptsaheadoffactsquickensthelearningprocess.? Itistargetoriented.Withgeneralideas,factsareselfevident,easilyrememberedandreadytouseFromtheperspectiveofnaturallearningorder,ideafactmoduleisspoonfeedinginstruction? Itneglectsthenaturallearningorder—fromdetailstogenerality? Itatrophiesstudents’experimentalcapability,thusdiscouraginginnovationandoriginality時間性（歷史性）幾個給大家思考的問題? 世界上歷史悠久的國家是？? 成王敗寇在歷史中是什么意思？歷史無用論 :Yesterdayishistory。tomorrowismystery。todayisagift,andthatiswhywecallitpresent.歷史 借鑒 論：Myfeetisguidedbynothingbutthelampofhistory.勿忘 國恥！以史為鑒歷史甄別論：Whocontrolsthepastcontrolsthefuture,andwhocontrolsthepresentcontrolsthepastGeeOrwell例題 Themainbenefitofthestudyofhistoryistodispeltheillusionthatpeoplelivingnowaresignificantlydifferentfrompeoplewholivedinearliertimes.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.文章結構思路History,asarecordofpastevents,differsfrompresentlife? Throughouthistory,technologicalinnovationsconstantlyshapespeople’slife? Socialperspective? Politicalperspective? DailylifeEternalproblemskeepplaguinghuman,forthenatureofhumanremainsunchanged? Wealthoutwork/pleasurewithoutconscience/sciencewithouthumanity/knowledgewithoutcharacter/politicswithoutprinciple/mercewithoutmorality/worshipwithout