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) 3. 現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別: 兩者都可以表示 “從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 ”,在含義上如著重表示動作的結(jié)果時,多用現(xiàn)在完成時,如著重表示動作一 直在進行,即動作的延續(xù)性時,則多用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。一般不能用于進行時的動詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時。 I have read that 。 I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那本書。 4. 一般將來時的表達方式: 將來時 用法 例句 1 will/shall+動詞原形 表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài) My sister will be ten next year. 2 be going to+動詞原形 含有 “打算,計劃,即將 ”做某事,或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事 It’s going to clear up. We’re going to have a party tonight. 3 be + doing 進行時表示將來 go, e, start, move, leave, arrive 等詞可用進行時表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作 He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe? 4 be about to + 動詞原形 表示安排或計劃中的 馬上就要發(fā)生的動作,后面一般不跟時間狀語 I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close. 5 be to + 動詞原形 表示按計劃進行或征求對方意見 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. 6 一般現(xiàn)在時表示將 時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事 The meeting starts at five 來 情,可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來 o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening. II. 動詞的被動語態(tài): 常用被動語態(tài) 構(gòu)成 常用被動語態(tài) 構(gòu)成 1 一般現(xiàn)在時 am/is/are asked 6 過去進行時 was/were being asked 2 一般過去時 was/were asked 7 現(xiàn)在完成時 have/has been asked 3 一般將來時 shall/will be asked 8 過去完成時 had been asked 4 過去將來時 should/would be asked 9 將來完成時 will/would have been asked 5 現(xiàn)在進行時 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情態(tài)動詞的 can/must/may be asked 注 意 事 項 被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加 not,短語動詞的被動態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu) be going to, used to, have to, had better 變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時,只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。 如: Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語,在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如: It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 下面主動形式常表示被動意義:如: The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面詞或短語沒有被動態(tài): leave, enter, reach, bee, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, e about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等 七.情態(tài)動詞 I. 情態(tài)動詞基本用法: 情態(tài)動詞 用法 否定式 疑問式與簡答 can 能力(體力,智力,技能) 允許或許可(口語中常用) 可能性(表猜測,用于否定句或疑問句中) can not / cannot /can’t do Can…do…? Yes,…can. No,…can’t. could couldn’t do may 可以(問句中表示請求) 可能,或許(表推測) 祝愿(用于倒裝句中) may not do May…do…? Yes,…may. No,…mustn’t/can’t. might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might No,…might not. must 必須,應該(表主觀要求) 肯定,想必(肯定句中表推測) must not/mustn’t do Must…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t/don’t have to. have to 只好,不得不(客觀的必須,有時態(tài)人稱變化) don’t have to do Do…h(huán)ave to do…? Yes,…do. No,…don’t. ought to 應當(表示義務責任,口語中 多用 should ought not to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…? Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t. shall 將要,會 用于一三人稱征求對方意 見 用于二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅等 shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…? Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. should 應當,應該(表義務責任) 本該(含有責備意味) should not/shouldn’t do Should…do…? will 意愿,決心 請求,建議,用在問句中would 比較委婉 will not/won’t do Will…do…? Yes,…will. No,…won’t. would would not/wouldn’t do dare 敢(常用于否定句和疑問句中) dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…? Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. need 需要 必須(常用于否定句和疑問句中) need not/needn’t do Need…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. used to 過去常常(現(xiàn)在已不再) used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do didn’t use to do Used…to do…? Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t. Did…use to do…? Yes,…did. No,…didn’t. II. 情態(tài)動詞 must, may, might, could, can 表示推測: 以 must 為例。 must + do(be)是推測現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進行; must + be doing 推測可能正在進行的事情; must +have done 是推測可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。 1. must“肯定,一定 ”語氣強,只用于肯定句中。 He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. may 和 might“也許 ”,后者語氣弱,更沒有把握??捎糜诳隙ň浜头穸ň?。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can 和 could“可能 ”, could 表示可疑的可能性,不及 can’t 語氣強,用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。 The weather in that city could be cold now. We could have walked there。 it was so near.(推測某事本來可能發(fā)生,但實際上沒有發(fā)生) Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強,常用于疑問句和否定句中 ) III. 情態(tài)動詞注意點: 1. can 和 be able to: 都可以表示能力。但 be able to 可以表達 “某事終于成功 ”,而 can 無法表達此意。 Be able to 有更多的時態(tài)。另外,兩者不能重疊使用。 2. used to 和 would: used to 表示過去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習慣,而 would 只表示過去的習慣或喜好,不涉及現(xiàn)在。 3. need 和 dare 作情態(tài)動詞和實義動詞的區(qū)別: 兩者作情態(tài)動詞時常用于否定句和疑問句。其形式為: needn’t/daren’t do; Need/dare…do…? 做實義動詞時可用于肯定句,否定句和疑問句。其形式為: need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do 八.非謂語動詞 I. 非謂語動詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成: 非謂語形式 構(gòu)成 特征和作用 時態(tài)和語態(tài) 否定式 復合結(jié)構(gòu) 不定式 to do to be doing to have done to be done to have been done 在非謂語前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名詞,副詞和形容詞的作用 在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語 分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 doing having done being done having been done 具有副詞和形容詞的作用 在句中做定、表、賓補和狀語 過去分詞 done 動名詞 doing having done being done having been done sb’s doing 具有名詞的作用 在句中做主、賓、定和表語 II. 做賓語的非謂語動詞比較: 情況 常用動詞 只接不定式做賓語的動詞 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen 只接動名詞做賓語的動詞或短語 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to 兩者都可以 意義基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多