【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 ind and waves, tides and also the production of biogas. Biogas is methane which is produced from human and animal waste. A particularly interesting possibility for many developing countries has been the conversion of plant material to alcohol. This is interesting because in many developing countries, there is a large agricultural sector and at the same time a small industrial sector. And thus the possibility of using the agricultural sector to, to produce fuel is of interest to those countries.Scientific research is going on in the production of alcohol, for example, from sugar. And there are two economic reasons for this. First of all, the world price of sugar has fallen dramatically, or the world price of sugar has fallen in very real terms in the last decade, which has caused the problem for those economics which are dependent on their sugar production as it gives them an alternative possibility for using their sugar. And secondly, sugar is the most efficient source of alcohol. Therefore, it is relatively economical to make fuel by distilling alcohol from it.In addition to sugar, there are other starchy plants that can be used to make alcohol. For example, in tropical countries, such plants as the cassava plant and the sweet potato are good sources from which alcohol can be made. And in nontropical countries, you have such things as corn and sugar beet. Now there is a problem arising from the fact that alcohol can be distilled from starchy plants and that is, that many poor countries use precisely these starchy plants, or these starchrich crops for their food as a staple diet. So in many such countries, there is ... there is a conflict, if you like, between the choices whether to produce these crops for fuel, or to produce these crops for food and for their use, as their staple diet.It is in fact an economic problem rather than a technical problem as the poor farmers will tend to choose that which is more profitable. Indeed it is an economic problem, not, not necessarily a technological problem. The technology for the conversion of alcohol from starchy plants has been in existence for over 40 years. And there are two ways of using alcohol as car fuel. One such way is in the form of pure alcohol, and an example of this is in Brazil in a project called the ProAlcohol Project. And in Brazil cars are being produced to run on pure alcohol. A second use of alcohol as a car fuel is in a mixture of petrol, or with gasoline. In a mixture with gasoline, this produces a mixture called gasohol. In Germany for example, they have an experiment in which there, there is such a mixture of 85% petrol or 85% gas, 85% gasoline and 15% methanol. So if technology and conversion of engines are not a problem, then really it is a question of economics, and there are three main factors, which .SECTION A TALK 1—5 DCABDQuestions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the talk.1. The speaker thinks that .DA. car causes pollution only in some citiesB. 60% of the cities are affected by car pollutionC. 90% of the city residents suffer from car pollutionD. car is the main contributing factor in polluting air2. Which of the following is not mentioned as a cause of car pollution?CA. Car tyres. B. Car engines. C. Car horns. D. Car brakes.3. Which of the following is not cited as a means to reduce the number of cars?AA. To pass laws to control the use of cars.B. To improve public transport systems.C. To increase car tax and car price.D. To construct effective subway systems.4. One of the mechanical solutions to car pollution is .BA. to change the mechanical structure of fuelB. to improve on the exhaust pipeC. to experiment with new enginesD. to monitor the amount of chemicals5. According to the speaker. a sensible way to solve car pollution is that we should DA. focus on one method onlyB. explore some other alternativesC. improve one of the four methodsD. integrate all of the four methodsSECTION B INTERVIEW Section B 6—10 BDCCBQuestions 6 to 10 are based on an interview with an architect. At the end of the interview you will be given 13 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.6. The interviewee39。s first job was with . BA. a newspaper B. the governmentC a construction firm D. a private pany7. The interviewee is not selfemployed mainly because .DA. his wife likes him to work for a firmB. he prefers working for the governmentC. selfemployed work is very demandingD. selfemployed work is sometimes insecure8. To study architecture in a university one must .CA. be interested in arts B. study pure science firstC. get good exam results D. be good at drawing9. On the subject of drawing, the interviewee says that .CA. technically speaking artists draw very wellB. an artist39。s drawing differs little from an architect39。sC. precision is a vital skill for the architectD. architects must be natural artists10. The interviewee says that the job of an architect is ________ . BA. more theoretical than practicalB. to produce sturdy, welldesigned buildingsC. more practical than theoreticalD. to produce attractive, interesting buildingsSECTION C NEWS BROADCAST 11—15 BDBDCQuestions 11 to 12 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the two questions. Now listen to the news.11. The man was convicted for .BA. dishonesty B. manslaughter C. murder D. having a gun12. Which of the following is TRUE? DA. Mark Eastwood had a license for a revolver.B. Mark Eastwood loved to go to noisy parties.C. Mark Eastwood smashed the windows of a house.D. Mark Eastwood had a record.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 45 seconds to answer the three questions. No