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20xx考研英語(yǔ)閱讀題源15篇(編輯修改稿)

2025-02-14 03:46 本頁(yè)面
 

【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 ralian aboriginals suffer from type2 diabetes, and among the Wanigela in Port Moresby, New Guinea’s modern capital city, the figure is closer to 40%.5 Mr Diamond is at his most impressed when it es to tribal family life. He writes of missionary children who prefer the playgroups of traditional societies that bring together children of different ages to the solitary fixation on video games that are mon back home. Raising children is a munal affair in which the elderly are deeply involved, unlike what happens in most Western countries. He cites studies that show that an African Aka pygmy infant, for example, is looked after by at least seven people and babies in the Efe tribe by as many as 14.At the same time, he writes, children in traditional households seem to enjoy more autonomy. In the Kalahari the !Kung do not resort to physical punishment。 instead children are allowed to slap and insult their parents. And New Guinea Highlander children are encouraged to play with knives and with fire, precisely so that they are able to learn from their mistakes.6 In all this, the author’s argument is not that we should abandon our modern way of life—he certainly has not—nor does he romanticise traditional people as earthloving peaceniks. A tribal life can, after all, be nasty and brutish. Few people live past the age of 50, mostly because of curable diseases. For the !Kung, infanticide has been permitted in order to preserve resources in lean times. Bolivia’s Siriono Indians abandoned their elderly once they became a burden. North American Crow Indians encouraged them to mit suicide. Tribal warfare may kill far fewer 5 than 21stcentury mechanised versions, but there is still a constant fear of raids and revenge killings. And a higher percentage of the population dies fighting.7 Nor is subsistence living for the faint hearted. Shortages can mean starvation. Taro, a tropicalroot vegetable, is the staple food of the Kaulong people of New Britain, an island off Papua New Guinea. But in the dry season they are forced to scour the forest for insects, snails and unpalatable plants. Toxic wild nuts must be soaked in water for days to leach out the poison.8 Mr Diamond’s book is mostly a fascinating survey of a rapidly fading world. Only when it tries to pose as a handbook for tribal living does it fall flat. Comparing traditional strategies for maximising crop yields with modern ways of managing financial investments is more banal than original. Our forebears have been around for a lot longer than we have。 learning how they did so should be lesson enough. 參考譯文:賈雷德?戴蒙德(Jared Diamond)因?yàn)榉治隽艘恍┥鐣?huì)運(yùn)行良好一些社會(huì)難以為繼的原因而名聲大噪。他執(zhí)筆的《槍炮、病菌與鋼鐵》是1997年的暢銷(xiāo)書(shū)。書(shū)中,他對(duì) ―歐洲社會(huì)之所以運(yùn)行良好,是因?yàn)槠渲鲗?dǎo)了人類(lèi)生物學(xué)領(lǐng)域‖ 這一自負(fù)論斷不屑一顧,在他看來(lái),歐洲大陸的昌盛是因?yàn)闅W洲優(yōu)越的環(huán)境特別適合種植小麥、大麥以及飼養(yǎng)家畜。八年后,他奉獻(xiàn)了耗時(shí)良久的又一力作《崩潰:社會(huì)如何選擇成敗興亡》。書(shū)中主要 比如,戴蒙德教授在書(shū)中就這樣寫(xiě)到:大部分人類(lèi)社會(huì)都保留了某種宗教形式,用于維持社會(huì)治安、安撫社會(huì)急躁情緒、 維持政治統(tǒng)治。不過(guò), 新幾內(nèi)亞的部落居民卻從未因?yàn)樽诮淌聞?wù)發(fā)生過(guò)沖突。這些原始的部落使用的語(yǔ)言不止一種, 或許這樣有助于人們交往。事實(shí)上證明,使用多種語(yǔ)言也是防治老年癡呆癥的好方法。單單在新幾內(nèi)亞就有1000多種 6 語(yǔ)言。傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)一般在沒(méi)有國(guó)家機(jī)器的狀態(tài)下,就能解決所有沖突。與美國(guó)刑事司法系統(tǒng)截然不同的是,蘇丹身穿豹紋皮的努爾部落首領(lǐng)沒(méi)有權(quán)力解決糾紛,但是可以采用傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)算方法核算補(bǔ)償,從中進(jìn)行調(diào)停。很多事情已經(jīng)改變,但是并不盡如人意。 生活在貪婪的工業(yè)社會(huì)的人們可以多學(xué)學(xué)舊石器時(shí)代的飲食習(xí)慣,相信會(huì)受益良多。生活在傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)的人,幾乎沒(méi)人得過(guò)類(lèi)似于心臟病、中風(fēng)、糖尿病和多種癌癥等困擾西方人的常見(jiàn)非傳染疾病。這些疾病是食用含鹽量高和脂肪飽和食物的有力證明。多虧了食用含鈉較低的香蕉,巴西的雅諾瑪莫印度人一天食鹽攝入量只有僅僅50毫克。一個(gè)大蘋(píng)果,就能讓他們大快朵頤。那些習(xí)慣了長(zhǎng)時(shí)間坐著工作、食用加工食品生活方式的部落居民,患上那些困擾西方人疾病的幾率聚居上升。生活在城里的澳大利亞原住民,有三分之一患上了Ⅱ型糖尿病。生活在巴布亞新幾內(nèi)亞的現(xiàn)代化首都摩爾貝斯港的Wanigela(沒(méi)查找)人,患該類(lèi)糖尿病的比例將近40%。最讓戴蒙德教授印象深刻的是部落的家庭生活。他書(shū)中寫(xiě)到,比起一回到家一律死盯著電動(dòng)游戲的孩子相比,傳教士的孩子更喜歡在傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)的操場(chǎng)上玩,在那里,不同年紀(jì)的孩子能在一起嬉鬧追逐。與大部分西方國(guó)家不同的是,在部落家庭里,撫養(yǎng)孩子是集體的事情,老人是這個(gè)過(guò)程中絕對(duì)的主角。有研究顯示,非洲地區(qū)的阿卡俾格米矮人族的嬰兒由至少7人照顧,埃菲社里的嬰兒至少由14個(gè)人照顧。他書(shū)中就引用了這項(xiàng)研究。同時(shí),他還寫(xiě)到,傳統(tǒng)家庭長(zhǎng)大的孩子似乎想要更多的自主性??衬?the! Kung(查不著) 人種不會(huì)體罰孩子,相反允許孩子侮辱、打罵家長(zhǎng)。為了讓孩子可以從錯(cuò)誤中切身地汲取教訓(xùn),新幾內(nèi)亞的高地人鼓勵(lì)孩子玩火,耍刀。作者這么寫(xiě),不是說(shuō)人們應(yīng)該放棄現(xiàn)代生活方式,他也沒(méi)有這層意思。他也沒(méi)有把傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)生活的人們美化成和平分子。畢竟,部落里的生活是不文明而且殘酷的。部落里的人很少有活過(guò)50的,大部分死于可以治療的疾病。在the!kung 民族里,收成不好的時(shí)節(jié),為了節(jié)省資源,人們可以屠殺嬰兒。玻利維亞的西瑞諾娜民族會(huì)遺棄拖累族群的老人。北美的客如印第安人鼓勵(lì)孩子殺人。部落爭(zhēng)斗中喪生的人大大少于21世紀(jì)機(jī)械化戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中死亡的人數(shù),但是部落居民一直都有遭受突襲、仇殺之類(lèi)的擔(dān)憂。部落人口中很大一部分死于部落斗爭(zhēng)。書(shū)中,他也沒(méi)有說(shuō)膽小鬼有生存的可能。物資短缺可意味著要挨餓。巴布亞新幾內(nèi)亞群島附近的一座名為新英格蘭的島生活著卡隆民族,他們的主食就是熱帶根莖蔬菜芋頭。但是一 到旱季,他們就得去森林捉昆蟲(chóng),蝸牛以及不怎么美味的植物充饑。他們還會(huì)把有毒的 7 野生堅(jiān)果浸在水里數(shù)日,溶解毒性后食用。很大程度上來(lái)說(shuō),戴蒙德教授的新書(shū)是對(duì)快速消亡世界的一次引人入勝的探尋。如果把這本書(shū)當(dāng)成部落生活的手冊(cè),那么這本書(shū)就完全算不上好書(shū)。把最大程度上提高收成的傳統(tǒng)方法與現(xiàn)代金融投資管理方式相比是一種沒(méi)有創(chuàng)意而且很迂腐的行為。我們的祖先先于我們存在很久,弄明白他們是如何做到這一點(diǎn)就足夠我們學(xué)一輩子的了。3. Addiction:Crazy for it上癮:為之瘋狂Jun 2nd 2012 | from
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