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rs. 到了月底他在這里居住 /工作 /學(xué)習(xí)就滿十年了 。 2) 一種經(jīng)常進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作被表示為連續(xù)的動(dòng)作: By the end of this month he will have been training horses/climbing mountains for twenty years. 到了這個(gè)月底他馴馬 /登山就滿 20年了 。 但是如果提到所馴馬匹或所攀登的山峰的數(shù)目 , 或用任何方式把動(dòng)作分割為一次又一次的動(dòng)作 , 就必須用將來(lái)完成時(shí): By the end of the month he will have trained 600 horses/climbed 50 mountains. 到本月底 , 他馴服的馬就有 600匹 /攀登的山峰就有 50座了 。 將來(lái)完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成或一直持續(xù)的動(dòng)作 。 , 并往往對(duì)將來(lái)某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響 。 例: {1}Pick me up at 8 o39。clock,I will have had breakfast by 8點(diǎn)鐘你來(lái)接我 , 到時(shí)我已經(jīng)吃完早飯了 。 {2}We shall( will) have learned 12 units by the end of this , 我們將學(xué)完 12個(gè)單元 。 {3}By the time you get home, I will have cleaned the house from top to 。 2.表示推測(cè) , 相當(dāng)于 must have done結(jié)構(gòu) 。 例: {1}You will have heard of this, I guess. 我猜你已經(jīng)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事了 。 {2}I am sure that he will have got the information. 我相信他一定會(huì)得到這個(gè)信息 。 時(shí)間 。 例: We will have been married a year on June 25th. 到 6月 25日我們倆結(jié)婚就滿 1年了 。 四 .過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)用法與結(jié)構(gòu) ? 概念:表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作 。 例: We were copying the new words this time yesterday. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ): at this time yesterday, at that time或以 when引導(dǎo)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等 。 基本結(jié)構(gòu): was / were +doing 否定形式: was / were + not + doing. 一般疑問(wèn)句:把 was或 were放于句首 。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 1) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻 , 某一階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 , 由 “ was (were)+現(xiàn)在分詞 ” 構(gòu)成 。 例如: In 1980 he was studying in a university. He was reading a novel when I came in. 五 . 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法與結(jié)構(gòu) ? :過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果 ,或從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始 ,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài) . : recently,lately,since… for… ,in the past few years,etc. : have/has + done : have/has + not +done. : have或 has. : I39。ve written an article. The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years. 六 .過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)用法與結(jié)構(gòu) ? had+been +動(dòng)詞 ing ? 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由 had been +現(xiàn)在分詞 構(gòu)成 。 She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the 一直患重感冒 。 They had been expecting the news for some time? 他們期待這個(gè)消息有一段時(shí)間了吧 ? Rafael was scolded even though he hadn39。t been doing anything , 但他還是挨罵了 。 特別含義 :1) 尚未完成: He had been writing the novel. ( 他沒(méi)有完成它 ) 2) 企圖: He had been studying the meaning of this proverb. ( 他一直在努力學(xué)習(xí)它 ) 3) 未得結(jié)果: We had been studying what our enemy had said. ( 但我們不能理解 ) 4)最近情況: He had been quarrelling with his wife. ( 近來(lái) ) 5) 反復(fù)動(dòng)作: He had been asking me the same question. ( 多次 ,常常 ) 6) 情緒: What had he been doing? ( 不耐煩 ) 七 .過(guò)去完成時(shí)用法與結(jié)構(gòu) ? 過(guò)去完成時(shí)形式和用法 A 形式 過(guò)去完成時(shí)由 had+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成 , 因此無(wú)人稱變化: 肯定式: I had/ I’ d worked等 否定式: I had not/ hadn’ t worked等 疑問(wèn)式: had I worked? 等 否定疑問(wèn)式: had I not/ hadn’ t I worked? 等 B 用法 1 過(guò)去完成時(shí)是與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)相當(dāng)?shù)倪^(guò)去式 。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí): Ann has just left. If you hurry you’ ll catch her. 安剛剛走 。 如果你快一點(diǎn) ,就能追上她 。 ( 參見(jiàn)第 183節(jié) 。 ) 過(guò)去完成時(shí): When I arrived Ann had just left. 我到的時(shí)候 , 安剛剛離開(kāi) 。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí): I’ ve lost my case. 我的手提箱丟了 。 ( 參見(jiàn)第 184節(jié) 。 ) 過(guò)去完成時(shí): He had lost his case and had to borrow Tom’ s pyjamas. 他的手提箱丟了 , 不得不去向湯姆借睡衣睡褲 。 但是 , 過(guò)去完成時(shí)不像現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)那樣限于表達(dá)未指明時(shí)間的動(dòng)作 , 因此可以說(shuō): He had left his case on the 4∶ 40 train. 他把手提箱丟在 4點(diǎn) 40分的火車上了 。 2 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和 since/ for/ always等詞連用 , 表示一個(gè)開(kāi)始于過(guò)去并仍在繼續(xù)或剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作 。 ( 參見(jiàn)第 186節(jié) 。 ) 與此同理 , 過(guò)去完成時(shí)也可以用來(lái)表示在所說(shuō)的過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前就已開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作 , 這一動(dòng)作: ( a) 在該時(shí)刻仍然在繼續(xù);或 ( b) 在該時(shí)刻停止或剛剛停止 。 但應(yīng)注意 ,過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可以用來(lái)表示: ( c) 在所說(shuō)時(shí)刻之前某一時(shí)候停止的動(dòng)作 。 例句分別列舉如下: ( a) Bill was in uniform when I met him. He had been a soldier for tenyears/ since he was seventeen, and planned to stay in the army till hewas thirty. 我遇到比爾的時(shí)候 , 他身穿軍服 。 那時(shí)他已經(jīng)當(dāng)了十年兵了/他 從 17歲就當(dāng)兵 , 并且還計(jì)劃在軍隊(duì)里呆到 30歲 。 Ann had lived in a cottage for sixty years/ ever since she was born, andhad no wish to move to a tower block. 安在小屋里已經(jīng)住了 60年/安出生以來(lái)就一直住在小屋 , 也不想搬到塔樓去住 。( 這里也可以用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)形式 had beeniiving。 ) ( b) The old oak tree, which had stood in the churchyard for300 years/ since before the church was built, suddenly crashed to the ground. 屹立在教堂墓地上已 300百年之久的老橡樹(shù)/在教堂建造之前就屹立著的老橡樹(shù)突然間嘩啦一聲巨響倒在地上 。 ( 這里也可以用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)形式 had been standing。 ) Peter, who had waited for an hour/ since ten o’ clock, was very angrywith his sister when she eventually turned up. 彼得等了一小時(shí)/從 10點(diǎn)鐘起就等著 , 他妹妹終于來(lái)到時(shí)他非常生氣 。 ( 也可以用 had been waiting。 ) 時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)別