【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 nts can sometimes improve economic outes. 政府有時(shí)可以改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果。 How People Interact 人們?nèi)绾蜗嗷ソ灰? 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 Ten Principles of Economics 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理 ? The standard of living depends on a country’s production. 一國的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品和勞務(wù)的能力。 ? Prices rise when the government prints too much money. 當(dāng)政府發(fā)行了過多貨幣時(shí)，物價(jià)上升。 ? Society faces a shortrun tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. 社會(huì)面臨通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期交替關(guān)系。 How the Economy as a Whole Works 整體經(jīng)濟(jì)如何運(yùn)行 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 1. People face tradeoffs. 人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍 “There is no such thing as a free lunch!” “天下沒有白吃的午餐！ ” 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 1. People face tradeoffs. 人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍 ?To get one thing, we usually have to give up another ，我們不得不放棄另一件東西。 ? Guns v. butter（大炮與黃油） ? Food v. clothing（食品與衣物） ? Leisure time v. work（閑暇時(shí)間與工作） ? Efficiency v. equity（效率與平等 ） 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 1. People face tradeoffs. 人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍 ?Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. 效率 是指社會(huì)能從其稀缺資源中得到最多東西。 ?Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society. 平等 是指經(jīng)濟(jì)成果在社會(huì)成員中公平分配。 Efficiency v. Equity 平等與效率 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it. 某種東西的成本是為了得到它而放棄的東西 ?Decisions require paring costs and benefits of 要比較可供選擇的行動(dòng)方案的成本與收益 ? Whether to go to college or to work? 上大學(xué)還是工作？ ? Whether to study or go out on a date? 學(xué)習(xí)還是約會(huì)？ ? Whether to go to class or sleep in? 去教室還是睡覺？ 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it. 某種東西的成本是為了得到它而放棄的東西 The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that 就是為了得到某種東西所必須放棄的東西。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 3. Rational people think at the margin. 理性人考慮邊際量 ?Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action. 邊際變動(dòng) 是對(duì)現(xiàn)有行動(dòng)計(jì)劃小的增量調(diào)整。 People make decisions by paring costs and benefits at the margin. 人們通過比較成本和收益的邊際量來進(jìn)行決策。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 4. People respond to incentives. 人們會(huì)對(duì)激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng) ?Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to 邊際變動(dòng)會(huì)激發(fā)人們作出反應(yīng)。 ?The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternative’s marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!當(dāng)一種方案的邊際收益大于邊際成本時(shí)，該方案將被選擇 。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go straight to the NBA from high school when offered a $10 million contract. 4. People respond to incentives. 人們會(huì)對(duì)激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng) 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 5. Trade can make everyone better off. 貿(mào)易會(huì)使每個(gè)人狀況更好 ?People gain from their ability to trade with one 。 ?Competition results in gains from trading.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)會(huì)促使人們從貿(mào)易中獲益。 ?Trade allows people to specialize in what they do 最擅長(zhǎng)的活動(dòng)。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 6. Markets are usually a good way to anize economic activity. 市場(chǎng)通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法 ?In a market economy, households decide what to buy and who to work 市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì) 中，家庭可以決定買什么和為誰工作。 ?Firms decide who to hire and what to produce. 企業(yè)決定雇用誰和生產(chǎn)什么。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 6. Markets are usually a good way to anize economic activity. 市場(chǎng)通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法 ?Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.”亞當(dāng) 斯密提出了觀察結(jié)果，即家庭和企業(yè)在市場(chǎng)上相互交易，他們仿佛被一只 “ 看不見的手 ” 所指引。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 6. Markets are usually a good way to anize economic activity. 市場(chǎng)通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法 ?Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions 由于家庭和企業(yè)在決定購買什么和出賣什么時(shí)關(guān)注價(jià)格，所以他們就不知不覺地考慮到了他們行動(dòng)的社會(huì)成本。 ?As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a ，價(jià)格指引決策者實(shí)現(xiàn)了整個(gè)社會(huì)福利最大化的結(jié)果。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 7. Governments can sometimes improve market outes. 政府有時(shí)可以改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果 ?When the market fails (breaks down) government can intervene to promote efficiency and 靈時(shí)，政府會(huì)進(jìn)行干預(yù)以促進(jìn)效率和平等。 Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently. 市場(chǎng)失靈 是指市場(chǎng)本身不能有效地配置資源的情況。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 7. Governments can sometimes improve market outes. 政府有時(shí)可以改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果 ?Market failure may be caused by an externality, which is the impact of one person or firm’s actions on the wellbeing of a 外部性 。 外部性是一個(gè)人或企業(yè)的行動(dòng)對(duì)旁觀者福利的影響。 ?Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices. 市場(chǎng)失靈的另一個(gè)可能原因是 市場(chǎng)勢(shì)力 。 市場(chǎng)勢(shì)力是指一個(gè)人或企業(yè)不適當(dāng)?shù)赜绊懯袌?chǎng)價(jià)格的能力。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 8. The standard of living depends on a country’s production. 一國的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品和勞務(wù)的能力 ?Standard of living may be measured in different ways:生活水平 可以通過不同的方法衡量： ?By paring personal 個(gè)人收入。 ?By paring the total market value of a nation’s 場(chǎng)總價(jià)值。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 8. The standard of living depends on a country’s production. 一國的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品和勞務(wù)的能力 ?Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries’ 于各國 生產(chǎn)率 的差別。 ?Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. 生產(chǎn)率 是指一個(gè)工人一小時(shí)所生產(chǎn)的物品與勞務(wù)量。 Higher productivity ? Higher standard of living 高生產(chǎn)