【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 并有所反映。 2．對政策制定的彈性。政策的制定要首先考慮備方面需要的滿足程度，充分估訐各種因素對政策實施的影響，其目的在于保證目標(biāo)的達成度。 3．對行為結(jié)果的負責(zé)性公共管理的責(zé)任強調(diào)的是公共管理能夠承擔(dān)責(zé)任的能力以及負責(zé)任的精神與態(tài)度。 目前我國的礦難很多，暴露了政府在監(jiān)管過程中存在的問題。問題是多方面的，但政府公共部門的責(zé)任意識差， 缺乏對服務(wù)對象的責(zé)任和義務(wù)無疑是重要原因。 “ 人民授予公共部門多少權(quán)，公共管理部門就要負起多少責(zé) ” ，這說明公共部門的權(quán)力和責(zé)任是統(tǒng)一的。好政府應(yīng)就是負責(zé)任的政府，公共管理責(zé)任可分為：主觀責(zé)任和客觀責(zé)任。主觀責(zé)任指管理者對責(zé)任的感受和信賴?？陀^責(zé)任指按照 法律對管理對象應(yīng)盡的義務(wù)和責(zé)任。 公共管理責(zé)任的實現(xiàn)需要有相應(yīng)的責(zé)任機制作保證。這種機制包括行政控制機制、立法控制機制和司法控制機制。 意見和建議： 依法建立健全相應(yīng)的行政控制機制、立法控制機制和司法控制機制。 加強政府監(jiān)管隊伍的建設(shè)，提高廣大干部 的業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)和法制觀念，培養(yǎng)干部為民做事的熱情和能力。 落實黨的政策，讓礦工的生命與礦主的利益，與地方黨政干部的利益綁在一起。 公共管理學(xué)作業(yè) 4 一、填空題 公共管理活動，公共行政學(xué)。 市場失靈 價值標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 反比 工作內(nèi)涵 財政預(yù)算預(yù)決算 以不公開為例外 績效評估 行政控制機制 二、選擇題 6 B 2B 3D 4D 5C 6C 7A 8A 9A 10D 三、簡答題 簡述“新公共管理運動”中各國行政改革的主 要做法。 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代開始的全球性的新公共管理運動，雖然不同國家在改革中選擇的路徑和采取的措施有所不同，但各國在以下幾個方面采用了相同的做法。 a 優(yōu)化政府職能 b 強調(diào)政府權(quán)力分散 c 改革政府管理手段 d 提倡公共服務(wù)以顧客為導(dǎo)向 e 重視公共人力資源管理 f 事實明確的績效目標(biāo)控制 簡述什么是市場失靈。 市場失靈，是指經(jīng)濟和社會活動中，市場是存在缺陷的，也就是說，存在著單純依靠市場不能解決的問題，如壟斷的出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致商品、服務(wù)質(zhì)量的降低，市場競爭產(chǎn)生的收入上的不公平，公共產(chǎn)品的提供、定價、和收費等問題，這些就依靠政府的 干預(yù)來解決。 簡要職務(wù)說明書一應(yīng)包括哪些內(nèi)容。 a 工作標(biāo)識，包括工作名稱、工作歸屬、工作代碼、直接主管、直接下屬等 b 工作概要。即對工作的性質(zhì)的簡要概括 c 工作關(guān)系 d 工作職責(zé) e 工作權(quán)限 f 工作條件 g 任職資格 四、論述題 分析說明公共政策評估的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及步驟。 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：一般來說，政策評估是一個事實判斷和價值判斷的過程，所以，政策評估要堅持事實標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和價值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 步驟： a 準(zhǔn)備階段。包括確定評估對象，制定評估方案，物質(zhì)和組織準(zhǔn)備 b 實施階段 c 結(jié)束階段 分析說明解決公共部門績效管理困難的主要策略。 a 強化公共部門 的績效意識，促使組織成員參與績效改進 b 轉(zhuǎn)變觀念，建立民本主義的績效理念 c 促進績效管理的制度化，法制化。 d制定靈活多樣的績效目標(biāo)和績效規(guī)劃 e 建立多重績效評估機制 f 建立健全全新的激勵機制 g 重視管理者的作用 五、案例分析。 略 7 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝！??！ 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ‘effector’ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and nonnerve cells. This process is termed ‘chemical neurotransmission’ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ‘cholinergic’. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the socalled motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a mand is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds。 an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for reuptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nervetonerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on nonvoluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells。 in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nervetonerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In postsynaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the plex of receptor bined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as ‘nicotinic’。 in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are ‘muscarinic’。 and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an