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n)的 “ q”說 ? 見教材第 423頁 2021/6/17 33 產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)均衡 一、總供給:實(shí)際總產(chǎn)出 二、計(jì)劃總支出 三、均衡產(chǎn)出 四、關(guān)于教材中“國(guó)民收入的決定:收入支出模型”的說明 2021/6/17 34 一、總供給:實(shí)際產(chǎn)出 ? 在長(zhǎng)期經(jīng)濟(jì)中,總供給為潛在產(chǎn)出。 Potential output is the economy?s output when inputs are fully employed. Rather, it is the output when every market in the economy is in longrun equilibrium. ? 在短期經(jīng)濟(jì)中,總供給為實(shí)際產(chǎn)出。 實(shí)際產(chǎn)出( actual output)一般總會(huì)低于潛在產(chǎn)出( Potential output )。 ( 也有人認(rèn)為,實(shí)際產(chǎn)出總是圍繞潛在產(chǎn)出上下波動(dòng) 。) 2021/6/17 35 ? 總供給 ≡實(shí)際產(chǎn)出( actual output) ≡ GDP ≡Y ? 國(guó)民收入恒等式: 國(guó)民收入( Y ) ≡實(shí)際支出( Actual expenditure ) ? 實(shí)際支出( Actual expenditure ): Assuming that the economy is closed, so that exports are zero. (三部門) Actual expenditure is the amount households, firms, and the government spend on goods and services, it equals the economy?s gross domestic product (GDP). Actual expenditure ≡ Y 2021/6/17 36 二、計(jì)劃總支出 ? 計(jì)劃總支出( desired or planned expenditure)(或“意愿支出”,或“想要有的支出”)。它是居民、企業(yè)、政府需想要有的總支出。 Planned expenditure is the amount households, firms, and the government would like to spend on goods and services. Planned Expenditure = C + I + G, or E = C + I + G 2021/6/17 37 三、均衡產(chǎn)出 (一)凱恩斯主義短期宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基本觀點(diǎn) (二)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)均衡 (三)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)均衡時(shí)的均衡產(chǎn)出及均衡的條件 2021/6/17 38 (一)凱恩斯主義短期宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基本觀點(diǎn) ? 需求決定論: 假設(shè)在社會(huì)中存在大量失業(yè)人員,企業(yè)嚴(yán)重開工不足,產(chǎn)出遠(yuǎn)未達(dá)到潛在產(chǎn)量水平,在這種情況下,總需求影響和決定總供給。 (凱恩斯定律) 2021/6/17 39 (二)短期產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)均衡 ? Assumption that the economy is in equilibrium when actual expenditure equals planned expenditure. This assumption is based on the idea that when people?s plans have been realized, they have no reason to change what they are doing. Recalling that Y as GDP equals not only total ine but also total actual expenditure on goods and services, We can write this equilibrium condition as Actual Expenditure = Planned Expenditure Y = E Y = C + I + G 注意:此處 C、 I、 G 分別為計(jì)劃消費(fèi)、計(jì)劃投資、計(jì)劃政 府購(gòu)買(假設(shè)為三部門經(jīng)濟(jì))。若為兩部門經(jīng)濟(jì),則無G。) 2021/6/17 40 ? 實(shí)際總產(chǎn)出( actual output) ≡ 實(shí)際總支出 ( Actual expenditure ) ≡Y ? 計(jì)劃總支出 ( desired or planned expenditure) ≡E ? 均衡 : 實(shí)際總產(chǎn)出 =計(jì)劃總支出 Y = E 2021/6/17 41 ? 在總供給和總需求分析框架中,“和總需求相等的產(chǎn)出稱為均衡產(chǎn)出或均衡收入”。 ? 在產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)上,均衡產(chǎn)出意味著總產(chǎn)出正好等于所有經(jīng)濟(jì)主體想要的支出(即計(jì)劃總支出)。 ? 產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)均衡(注意前面英文的含義),并不意味著總供給和總需求一定也是均衡的。只有產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)和貨幣市場(chǎng)同時(shí)均衡才是總供給和總需求的均衡 。(只有有支付能力的需要才形成需求。) ? 均衡分析是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基本分析方法之一。均衡產(chǎn)出在不同的分析模型中有不同的含義。注意區(qū)分總供給 總需求均衡分析模型、產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)均衡分析以及簡(jiǎn)單國(guó)民收入均衡分析模型中 均衡產(chǎn)出 的含義及其相互之間的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別。 教材 39 424頁上的說法似乎不太妥當(dāng)。 說 明 2021/6/17 42 產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)的均衡點(diǎn) ? 產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)均衡的定義: 供給 (實(shí)際產(chǎn)出) =計(jì)劃支出 ? 由于 供給 (實(shí)際產(chǎn)出) ≡ 實(shí)際支出 故產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)均衡的均衡點(diǎn)為:實(shí)際支出線( 45度線) 和計(jì)劃支出線的交點(diǎn)。(參見教材 131 2021/6/17 43 The 45degree line (Y=E) plots the points where this condition holds. With the addition of the plannedexpenditure function, this diagram bees the Keynesian Cross. 2021/6/17 44 存貨投資在產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)均衡中的重要作用 2021/6/17 45 ? How does the economy get to this equilibrium? Inventories play an important role in the adjustment process. Whenever the economy is not in equilibrium, firms experience unplanned changes in inventories, and this induces them to change production levels. Changes in production in t