【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 hat it cannot show the plex interrelations between independent variable (Bryman amp。 Cramer， 1990). Bryman and Cramer also pointed out that? E. 如涉及到的作者超過兩人，少于六人，第一次加夾注時(shí)，寫出所有作者的姓氏，以后每次引用，只需寫出第一作者的姓氏，其后加上 “ et al” 即可。 例： Scientists have isolated a gene connected to circadian rhythms in plants (Millar， Straum， Chory， Chua， amp。 Kay， 1995， p. 1163) . . . . They identified the mutations that activated light－ dependent pathways (Millar， et al， 1995， p. 1165) F. 如果引用涉及到的著作由六位以上的作者合著，加注時(shí)只需寫出第一作者的姓氏，其后加上 “ et al.” 即可。 例： Naiman et al. (1978)found a similar relationship， although I this case effort’ on the part of the learners was also associated with instrumental motivation (subsequent citations) (Ellis， 1954： 512). G. 如果涉及到同一作者的不同著作，在括弧中按出版時(shí)間分開；如果是同一作者在同一年的不同著作，在出版時(shí)間后用小寫英文字母區(qū)別。 例： (Halliday， 1978， 1992)； (Halliday， 1967a， 1967b) 直接引用 (quotations) A. 如果原著作者的姓氏在自己的行文中沒有提到，那你需要把作者的姓氏，出版時(shí)間和引文出自的頁碼用括弧括起，放在引文的后面， 字體字號與正文同，引文用雙引號。如果引文中原來就有引號，將有引號的部分改為單引號。 例： Conceptually， motivation is seen as “ the bination of effort plus desire to achieve the goal of learning the language plus favorable attitude toward learning language” (Gardner， 1985， ). Based on different findings， it is proposed that “ the type of motivation and its strength are likely to be determined less by some generalized principle and more by ‘ who learns what in what milieu’” . (Laser－ Freeman amp。 Long， 1993， p. 174) B. 如果你自己的行文中已經(jīng)提到原著作者的姓氏，則只需在引文的后面用括弧加上頁碼即可。 例： Gardner (1985) sees motivation as “ the bination of effort plus desire to achieve the goal of learning the language plus favorable attitude toward learning language” (p. 10). C. 如果直接引用所涉及到的作者有多位，除遵守以上 A， B兩條外，其他規(guī)則與間接引用相同。 D. 直接引文的字?jǐn)?shù)如少于 40 英文單詞，引文直接放到段落中。如果引文超過 49 個(gè)英文單詞，引文單獨(dú)成段，段落用 “ 齊頭式 ” ，整個(gè)段落縮行 5 個(gè)空格 (如果引文還有第二段，整個(gè)段落還要再縮行 5 個(gè)空格 )，引文不需引號。如引文中已有引號，保留原來的引號。 例： Raymond William explains that the word career has all but lost its original meaning. Career is now so regularly used to describe a person’ s progress in life， or， by derivation from this， his pofession or vocation that it is difficult to remember， in the same context， its original meaning of a recourse and a gallop— though in some contexts， as in the phrase “ Careering about， ” these survive. Career appeared in English . . . E. 引用詩歌， 如少于兩行， 直接引入行文中，兩行間用斜線分開， 行首的大寫應(yīng)保持，引用部分加雙引號； 如超過兩行， 則按直接引用規(guī)則 D 處理。 例： In his “ Hymn to Intellectual Beauty， ” Shelly personifies the immaterial， spiritual world： “ The awful shadow of some unseen Power / Floats though unseen among us.” In “ Song of Myself， ” Walt Whitman uses the dictation and rhythm of natural speech. A child said What is the grass？ fetching it to me with full hands； How could I answer the child？ I do not know what it is any more than he. I guess it must be the flag of my disposition， out hopeful green stuff woven. F. 引用小說 如果論文是有關(guān)小說評論，因一般都需從同一小說中反復(fù)引用，為方便起見，在第一次引用后用圓括弧注明頁碼，在加一個(gè)尾注，用上標(biāo)標(biāo)出，字體字號與正文同。尾注說明格式如下例。以后每次從該小說引用后， 只注明頁碼即可， 毋需再加尾注。 例： In six months’ time， he was tramped into marriage with her， though “ he had no respect for her.” (p. 40)1 尾注格式： 1. All the quotations from the novel are taken from ： Thomas Hardy. Jude the Obscure. Oxford： OUP. 1991 G. 如要對直接引文進(jìn)行某些省略，省略部分如在引文中間，用英語省略號表示；如省略發(fā)生在一個(gè)完整句之后， 除非后面 還有引文，否則毋需省略號，如下面第二例。 例： 原文： In the western farm states the Granger movement， anized in 1869 as The Patron of Husbandry， was able to force regulatory legislation through some state legislatures. 省略后的引用： According to Margaret G. Meyers， “ the Granger movement . . . was able to force regulatory legislation through some states legislatures.” 原文： A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds， adored by little statesmen， philosophers and divine. 省略后的引用： Emerson advocated the courage to change one’ s mind when he said that “ a little foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds.” (原文中的逗號也省去 ) H. 為了合乎語法的需要，可以改變引文句首的大小寫，當(dāng)然也可保持原來的大小寫不變。 例： Kitto asserts， “ the Greek instinct was the opposite， to take the widest view.” (引文中的第一個(gè)冠詞大寫的 T改為小寫 t) I. 除上述規(guī)則 G 外， 如要對直接引語做任何你認(rèn)為是必要的改動，都必須加以說明，說明加方括弧。一般有以下幾種情況： a. 如引文中本身有錯誤，可以在錯誤的后面立即加方括弧來改正錯誤，或是在引文結(jié)束的地方用方括弧加 “ sic” ， (“ sic” 在拉丁文中是 “ 原文如此 ” 的意思 ) 例： Doe added， “ the affects [effects] of radiation exceeded our estimates.” John Doe explained， “ The results of the 1988 experiment were quite amassing [sic].” (原文中的時(shí)間上出錯，正確的時(shí)間應(yīng)是 1986 年。 ) b. 用方括弧加說明表示是原文中就有斜體的強(qiáng)調(diào)部分或是自己加上的斜體以示強(qiáng)調(diào)： 例： Rubin (1987) more explicitly states the importance of studying students’ beliefs in her review of the research on learner strategy： . . . to better understand how learner strategies e to be used， it is essential that we account for a Lerner’ s knowledge about language and his/her beliefs about the learning process because his knowledge can form the basis for selecting and activating one strategy over another [italics added] (p. 19). c. 如果擔(dān)心讀者對引文中的代詞指代不清楚，可以用方括弧加以說明： 例： In the preface， the author claims “ This [“ The Three Languages” ] is the story of an adolescent whose needs are not understood by his father.” 轉(zhuǎn)引 (the quotation from a source other than the original) 如果你的引用不是從原著中獲得，而是來自二手資料，你就需要在引用完后用圓括弧注明來源，在來源前加上 “ qtd in” 的字樣。在參考文獻(xiàn)目錄部分，你就按引用的實(shí)際出處撰寫條目。 例： Gothe wrote that “ it takes more culture to perceive the virtues of The Magic Flute than to point out its defects” (qtd in Newman， 1958， p. 104). (參考文獻(xiàn)目錄部分： Newman， E.. 1958. Great operas： The definitive treatment of their history， stories， and music. . New York： Vintage. APA 要求論文后的參考文獻(xiàn)的排列順序：與正文文種相同的參考文獻(xiàn)排列在前，其他文種 (參考文獻(xiàn)表中的各篇文獻(xiàn)首先按文種集中，可分為中文、英文、日文、西文、俄文、其他文種等幾部分，然后按作者字母順序和出版年排列，中文按照作者姓氏的漢語拼音字母排序，英語姓名以姓氏字母為序 )排列在后，參考文獻(xiàn)前不得加編號。 APA referencing examples Example An example of an in－ text reference The entry in the referen