計(jì)算機(jī)系外文翻譯--歷史的計(jì)算-其他專業(yè)(編輯修改稿)
2025-02-24 02:17 本頁面
【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 echanical puting machine, in 1941. The first programmable electronic puter was the Colossus, built in 1943 by Tommy Flowers. Gee Stibitz is internationally recognized as a father of the modern digital puter. While working at Bell Labs in November 1937, Stibitz invented and built a relaybased calculator he dubbed the Model K (for kitchen table, on which he had assembled it), which was the first to use binary circuits to perform an arithmetic operation. Later models added greater sophistication including plex arithmetic and programmability. A succession of steadily more powerful and flexible puting devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features that are seen in modern puters. The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along this road as the first digital electronic puter is difficult. 4 Notable achievements include. Konrad Zuse39。s electromechanical Z machines. The Z3 (1941) was the first working machine featuring binary arithmetic, including floating point arithmetic and a measure of programmability. In 1998 the Z3 was proved to be Turing plete, therefore being the world39。s first operational puter. The nonprogrammable Atanasoff–Berry Computer (menced in 1937, pleted in 1941) which used vacuum tube based putation, binary numbers, and regenerative capacitor memory. The use of regenerative memory allowed it to be much more pact than its peers (being approximately the size of a large desk or workbench), since intermediate results could be stored and then fed back into the same set of putation elements. The secret British Colossus puters (1943), which had limited programmability but demonstrated that a device using thousands of tubes could be reasonably reliable and electronically reprogrammable. It was used for breaking German wartime codes. The Harvard Mark I (1944), a largescale electromechanical puter with limited programmability. The . Army39。s Ballistic Research Laboratory ENIAC (1946), which used decimal arithmetic and is sometimes called the first general purpose electronic puter (since Konrad Zuse39。s Z3 of 1941 used electromags instead of electronics). Initially, however, ENIAC had an inflexible architecture which essentially required rewiring to change its programming. Storedprogram architecture Replica of the SmallScale Experimental Machine (SSEM), the world39。s first storedprogram puter, at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England Several developers of ENIAC, recognizing its flaws, came up with a far more flexible and elegant design, which came to be known as the storedprogram architecture or von Neumann architecture. This design was first formally described by John von Neumann in the paper First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, distributed in 1945. A number of projects to develop puters based on the storedprogram architecture menced around this time, the first of which was pleted in 1948 at the University of Manchester in England, the Manchester SmallScale Experimental Machine (SSEM or Baby). The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator 5 (EDSAC), pleted a year after the SSEM
環(huán)評公示相關(guān)推薦
鄂ICP備17016276號-1