計(jì)算機(jī)系外文翻譯--歷史的計(jì)算-其他專(zhuān)業(yè)(已改無(wú)錯(cuò)字)
2023-03-03 02:17:25 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 at Cambridge University, was the first practical, nonexperimental implementation of the storedprogram design and was put to use immediately for research work at the university. Shortly thereafter, the machine originally described by von Neumann39。s paper—EDVAC—was pleted but did not see fulltime use for an additional two years. Nearly all modern puters implement some form of the storedprogram architecture, making it the single trait by which the word puter is now defined. While the technologies used in puters have changed dramatically since the first electronic, generalpurpose puters of the 1940s, most still use the von Neumann architecture. Beginning in the 1950s, Soviet scientists Sergei Sobolev and Nikolay Brusentsov conducted research on ternary puters, devices that operated on a base three numbering system of ?1, 0, and 1 rather than the conventional binary numbering system upon which most puters are based. They designed the Setun, a functional ternary puter, at Moscow State University. The device was put into limited production in the Soviet Union, but supplanted by the more mon binary architecture. Semiconductors and microprocessors Computers using vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the 1950s, but by the 1960s had been largely replaced by semiconductor transistorbased machines, which were smaller, faster, cheaper to produce, required less power, and were more reliable. The first transistorised puter was demonstrated at the University of Manchester in 1953. In the 1970s, integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors, such as the Intel 4004, further decreased size and cost and further increased speed and reliability of puters. By the late 1970s, many products such as video recorders contained dedicated puters called microcontrollers, and they started to appear as a replacement to mechanical controls in domestic appliances such as washing machines. The 1980s witnessed home puters and the now ubiquitous personal puter. With the evolution of the Inter, personal puters are being as mon as the television and the telephone in the household. Modern smartphones are fully programmable puters in their own right, and as of 2021 may well be the most mon form of such puters in existenc. 6 歷史的計(jì)算 主要文章 :計(jì)算機(jī)硬件的歷史 在第一次使用“計(jì)算機(jī)”這個(gè)詞被記錄在 1613 年 ,指的是對(duì)一個(gè)人進(jìn)行了計(jì)算 ,或計(jì)算 ,與詞的意思相同 ,直到繼續(xù) 20 世紀(jì)中期。 19 世紀(jì)末開(kāi)始其更熟悉的含義 ,一個(gè)機(jī)器進(jìn)行計(jì) 算。 Limitedfunction 早期計(jì)算機(jī) 雅卡爾的展覽上 ,在科學(xué)工業(yè)博物館在曼徹斯特 ,是英國(guó)最早的一種可編程設(shè)備。 現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)的歷史開(kāi)始于兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的技術(shù) ,自動(dòng)計(jì)算和可編程 ,但沒(méi)有一種單一的設(shè)備可以看成是最早的電腦 ,部分的原因是由于不應(yīng)用那個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。一些設(shè)備值得一提的是 ,雖然喜歡一些機(jī)械復(fù)制計(jì)算 ,很成功 ,并且存活了幾個(gè)世紀(jì) ,來(lái)臨的電子計(jì)算器 ,像蘇美爾算盤(pán) ,大約在公元前 2500 年左右的設(shè)計(jì)贏得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的后代對(duì)現(xiàn)代書(shū)桌速度計(jì)算機(jī)器在 1946年日本滑動(dòng)規(guī)則 ,起源于 1620年代 ,進(jìn)行了五阿波羅太空 機(jī)構(gòu) ,包括月球等機(jī)制 ,一個(gè)古老的天文計(jì)算機(jī)建造大約在公元前 80年的希臘人。亞歷山大的希臘數(shù)學(xué)家的英雄 (公元前 10 公元 70 年 )建造了一個(gè)機(jī)械劇院演了一出劇的持續(xù) 10 分鐘的時(shí)間 ,是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的旋轉(zhuǎn)系統(tǒng)操作的繩索和桶 ,可能會(huì)被認(rèn)為是一種手段決定的哪個(gè)部位進(jìn)行行為和機(jī)理的時(shí)候。這是可編程的本質(zhì)。 十世紀(jì)末 ,法國(guó)僧侶帶回來(lái)斯韋二氏西班牙畫(huà)的機(jī)器發(fā)明的 ,要么摩爾人回答是或否的問(wèn)題。在 13 世紀(jì) ,僧侶們 Albertus 馬格努斯和羅杰培根說(shuō)沒(méi)有任何建造機(jī)器人的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。 1642 年 ,文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的看見(jiàn)發(fā) 明的機(jī)械計(jì)算器 ,一種裝置能完成所有的四個(gè)算術(shù)運(yùn)算，不用依賴人類(lèi)的智力。機(jī)械計(jì)算器的根源是電腦的發(fā)展有兩種方式。最初 ,是在試圖發(fā)展更強(qiáng)大和更靈活的計(jì)算器 ,電腦是第一個(gè)被人們記得查爾斯巴貝奇 ,然后理論發(fā)展。其次 ,開(kāi)發(fā)的一種低成本的電子計(jì)算器繼任者、機(jī)械計(jì)算器 ,造成了發(fā)展的第一個(gè)商業(yè)化可用英特爾處理器集成電路。 第一次通用計(jì)算機(jī) 1801 年 ,約瑟夫瑪麗做了一個(gè)改進(jìn)提花織機(jī)介紹紡織一系列打孔紙質(zhì)卡作為一個(gè)模板
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