【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 scientists — William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza — for their work on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability. The Nobel Assembly announced the prize at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm on Monday. Their work established the genetic mechanisms(機(jī)制) that allow cells to respond to changes in oxygen levels. The findings have implications(啟示) for treating a variety of diseases. Why did they win? Oxygen is the lifeblood of living organisms(生物體), said Dr. George Daley, dean of Harvard Medical School. Without oxygen, cells can39。t survive. But too much or too little oxygen can be deadly. The three researchers tried to answer this question: How do cells regulate their responses? The investigators uncovered detailed genetic responses to changing oxygen levels that allow cells in the bodies of humans and other animals to sense and respond to fluctuations(波動), increasing and decreasing how much oxygen they receive. Why is the work important? The discoveries reveal the cellular mechanisms that control such things as adaptation to high altitudes and how cancer cells manage to hijack(攫取) oxygen. Randall Johnson, a member of the Nobel Assembly, described the work as a textbook discovery and said it would be something students would start learning at the most basic levels of biology education. This is a basic aspect of how a cell works, and I think from that standpoint alone it39。s a very exciting thing. Johnson said. The research also has implications for treating various diseases in which oxygen is in short supply — including anemia, heart attacks and strokes — as well as for treatment of cancers that are fed by and seek out oxygen.（1）This research has won the Nobel Prize mainly because ____________. A.there was no research of this kind in the pastB.oxygen is the lifeblood of living thingsC.it has uncovered how cells sense and respond to changes in oxygen levelsD.various diseases will be cured with the help of the findings of the research（2）We can learn from the passage that _____________. A.The Nobel Prize was awarded to a physiologist on Monday in Sweden.B.Cancer cells manage to hijack oxygen and need oxygen to develop.C.The more oxygen there is in blood, the healthier a living body will be.D.The genetic mechanisms have been found that allow oxygen to adapt to cells.（3）Which of the following can best explain the underlined word in the text? A.used for textbooksB.powerful and authoritativeC.typical as a perfect exampleD.basic and clear（4）In which part of The New York Times can you find this article? A.EntertainmentB.CultureC.TechnologyD.Science【答案】 （1）C（2）B（3）C（4）D 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道，介紹了2019年諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎聯(lián)合授予了三位科學(xué)家，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了細(xì)胞如何感知并適應(yīng)氧氣變化的含量。這是一項(xiàng)具有開創(chuàng)性的發(fā)現(xiàn)，為抗擊貧血、癌癥和許多其他疾病的新策略鋪平了道路。 （1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“…for their work on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.”以表彰他們在細(xì)胞感知和適應(yīng)氧氣供應(yīng)的適應(yīng)性方面所做的工作。可知這項(xiàng)研究之所以獲得諾貝爾獎，主要是因?yàn)樗沂玖思?xì)胞如何感知和響應(yīng)氧氣水平的變化。故選C。 （2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)Why is the work important?部分中的“The discoveries reveal the cellular mechanisms that control such things as adaptation to high altitudes and how cancer cells manage to hijack(攫取) oxygen.”這些發(fā)現(xiàn)揭示了細(xì)胞機(jī)制，這些機(jī)制控制著對高海拔環(huán)境的適應(yīng)，以及癌細(xì)胞是如何攫取氧氣的?？芍┘?xì)胞設(shè)法攫取氧氣并需要氧氣來發(fā)育。故選B。 （3）考查詞義猜測。根據(jù) Why is the work important?部分中的“it would be something students would start learning at the most basic levels of biology education”它將是學(xué)生在最基礎(chǔ)的生物教育階段就開始學(xué)習(xí)的東西，可知Randall Johnson稱這項(xiàng)研究是很典型的發(fā)現(xiàn)，是教科書式的發(fā)現(xiàn)。故可知劃線單詞意思為典型的，故選C。 （4）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“(The New York Times, ) The 2019 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was jointly awarded to three scientists — William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza — for their work on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.”(《紐約時報(bào)》10月7日報(bào)道)2019年諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎聯(lián)合授予了三位科學(xué)家——William G. Kaelin Jr.、Peter J. Ratcliffe和Gregg L. Semenza，以表彰他們在細(xì)胞感知和適應(yīng)氧氣供應(yīng)方面所做 的工作。）以及文章的主要內(nèi)容圍繞他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)，可知你可以在《紐約時報(bào)》的科學(xué)版上找到這篇文章。故選D。 【點(diǎn)評】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測和推理判斷三個題型的考查，是一篇新聞報(bào)道，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，從而選出正確答案。5．閱讀理解 It started during a yoga class. She felt a strange pull on her neck, a feeling pletely foreign to her. Her friend suggested she rush to the emergency room. It turned out that she was having a heart attack. She didn39。t share similar symptoms with someone who was likely to have a heart attack. She exercised, watched her plate and did not smoke. But on reviewing her medical history, I found that her cholesterol (膽固醇) level was skyhigh. She had been prescribed a cholesterollowering statin (他汀) medication, but she never picked up the prescription because of the scary things she had read about statins on the Internet. She was the victim of fake medical news. While misinformation has been the object of great attention in politics, medical misinformation might lead to an increase in deaths. As is true with fake news in general, medical lies tend to spread further than truths on the Internet—and they have very real bad consequences. False medical information can also lead to patients experiencing greater side effects through the nocebo effect (反安慰劑效應(yīng)) . Sometimes patients benefit from an intervention (干預(yù)) simply because they believe they will—that39。s the placebo effect (安慰劑效應(yīng)). The nocebo effect is the opposite. Patients can experience harmful effects because they anticipate them. This is very true of statins. In blinded trials, patients who get statins are no more likely to report feeling muscle aches than patients who get a placebo. Yet, in clinical practice, according to one study, almost a fifth of patients taking statins report side effects, leading many to discontinue the drugs. What else is on the fake news hit list? As always,