【正文】 same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.() important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.() division of Englishinto Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.() reflects sexism in itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene。) do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structurein analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with the process of language perception, prehension and 一、單項(xiàng)選擇題(本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分)二、填空題(本大題共10小題，每小題1分，共10分)三、判斷改錯(cuò)題(本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分)The contrary is writing system is always a later Some pounds contain more than two It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in case in point is the two expressions “morning star” and “ evening star.” They refer to the same star but differ in The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the “ more difficult” 、名詞解釋題(本大題共10小題，每小題3分，共30分) of the major defining features of human are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, has to be taught and limited range of sounds that are used in human language munication, speech is a phonetic feature of some is caused by the vibration of the vocal morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories,such ased,(e)s,est in is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world。（），這說(shuō)明語(yǔ)言是有階級(jí)性的。（）19．語(yǔ)言符號(hào)的約定俗成是指語(yǔ)音形式和意義內(nèi)容的結(jié)合是社會(huì)成員共同約定認(rèn)同的。，以輔音結(jié)尾的音節(jié)叫＿＿＿。（）、不送氣，實(shí)際上是指發(fā)音時(shí)聲帶是否振動(dòng)。 ＿＿。C．因?yàn)槲淖侄季哂凶忠艉妥至x,所以任何一種文字都是既表音又表意的。如漢語(yǔ)普通話中[ ]（鴨頭）：[ ]（丫頭）。（2）.音素是具體的發(fā)音，音位則是由一組彼此的差別沒(méi)有辨義作用而音感上又相似的音素概括而成的抽象音類(lèi)。如北京話和廣州話在語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)匯、語(yǔ)法上差異很大，一致北京人很難聽(tīng)懂廣州話。（2）結(jié)構(gòu)語(yǔ)法學(xué)把語(yǔ)法分成組合規(guī)則和聚合規(guī)則兩種規(guī)則。（2）漢語(yǔ)“好”，即是語(yǔ)素，也是詞，還可能直接成為句子，就反映了這種關(guān)系。單純?cè)~是單音節(jié)詞的例子，如“書(shū)”。B1：透著輕浮，顯著不高興，坐著挺好，躺著不合適； B2：看著傷心，走著累；B3：聽(tīng)著刺耳，聞著臭，吃著香。例如漢語(yǔ)普通話的聲母都是由單個(gè)輔音構(gòu)成的，韻母是由元音或元音和元音、元音和輔音的組合構(gòu)成的。長(zhǎng)短音、聲調(diào)、輕重音、語(yǔ)調(diào)都是韻律特征的構(gòu)成音素。當(dāng)他聽(tīng)到“把盤(pán)子里的蘋(píng)果給我”時(shí)，人們很容易確定“蘋(píng)果”的具體所指，就反映了這個(gè)道理。請(qǐng)根據(jù)語(yǔ)義的性質(zhì)說(shuō)明其中的道理從其中我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的道理：（1）詞義具有概括性的重要屬性。錯(cuò)選、多選、少選或未選均無(wú)分。例如漢語(yǔ)普通話“挑”[t`iau55]里的[t`]是聲母，[iau]是韻母，[55]是聲調(diào)，在韻母[iau]里，是韻腹，[u]是韻尾。（2）社會(huì)在不斷發(fā)展變化，社會(huì)交際活動(dòng)的內(nèi)容也總是不斷發(fā)展變化的，為滿足社會(huì)交際的需要，語(yǔ)言必須隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展變化的，為滿足社會(huì)交際的需要，語(yǔ)言必須隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展而發(fā)展。四、簡(jiǎn)答題（本大題共3小題，每小題6分，共18分）3[參考答案]舉例說(shuō)明單純?cè)~與單音節(jié)詞、合成詞與多音節(jié)詞的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系。錯(cuò)選、多選、少選或未選均無(wú)分。盡管語(yǔ)言能力和生理因素、心理因素有關(guān)，但是語(yǔ)言主要是在一定的社會(huì)環(huán)境中后天獲得的，不是先天遺傳的，所以語(yǔ)言和種族沒(méi)有必然的聯(lián)系。造成語(yǔ)言社群分化的社會(huì)因素主要有階級(jí)、階層、性別、年齡、職業(yè)、文化程度、宗教信仰等，造成語(yǔ)言地域分化的因素則主要是地域分化的因素則主要是地理環(huán)境對(duì)交際活動(dòng)的阻隔。（2）廣義的應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)包括面向人的和面向機(jī)器的語(yǔ)言學(xué)應(yīng)用研究，如語(yǔ)言信息處理研究。A．水泥洋灰 B．看法見(jiàn)解 C．鼓動(dòng)煽動(dòng)六、論述題（本大題共2小題，第41小題8分，第42小題10分，共18分）41．怎樣理解語(yǔ)言和種族之間沒(méi)有必然的聯(lián)系？42．按照不同的角度，語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象可以分為“詞法部分和句法部分”、“組合規(guī)則和聚合規(guī)則”、“核心語(yǔ)法和外圍語(yǔ)法”，舉例說(shuō)明上述不同劃分的兩個(gè)部分分別包括哪些內(nèi)容。、＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿。、語(yǔ)音交替、重疊、重音、異根、輔助詞、詞序、語(yǔ)調(diào)八種，漢語(yǔ)具有其中的______種。，音質(zhì)的不同取決于哪些條件？習(xí)題三（第四章 語(yǔ)法 第五章 語(yǔ)義）一、填空題。（），呼出的氣流音比較弱，發(fā)輔音時(shí)，呼出的氣流比較強(qiáng)。（），都是由內(nèi)容和意義兩個(gè)方面構(gòu)成的。二、名詞解釋?zhuān)海海海海海海海海海喝?、選擇題（從下面四個(gè)備選答案中選出一至四個(gè)正確答案，并將其代號(hào)寫(xiě)在題干前的括號(hào)內(nèi)。＿＿＿世紀(jì)末，現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)學(xué)科體系形成。)判斷下列各題正誤，正者在括號(hào)內(nèi)寫(xiě)“T”，誤者在括號(hào)內(nèi)寫(xiě)“F”，并說(shuō)明理由。it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the example ,if we say, “The dog is barking,” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”. act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and example, by saying “You have left the door wide open”,the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and paring similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language,often cutting across regional is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations,in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary this reason, registers are also known as situational refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language 、論述題(本大題共2小題，每小題10分，共20分) addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure treehas a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic example, the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations, adjective “old”may modify the noun ”men“, or the following two nouns ”men and women.Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference, so it is ,the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference ,we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure NPNPNPNPThe old menandthe womenthe old menandthe old women the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis,language use in terms of perception,prehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language we speak,words are drawn from Wernicke39。（）4．語(yǔ)言具有自然屬性，是自然現(xiàn)象。（）20．語(yǔ)言符號(hào)是由大大小小的單位按一定規(guī)則構(gòu)成的。、＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿三個(gè)方面的因素決定的。（）13.[p39。？舉例說(shuō)明習(xí)題四(第六章 語(yǔ)言的變異/第七章 語(yǔ)言的使用/第八章 語(yǔ)言的演變)一、填空題，取決于它們所服務(wù)的社會(huì)是進(jìn)一步