【正文】 rmal anization theory Bureaucracy Organization technology Organizational change Behavioral change Communication Group decision making Crosscultural analysis Organizational culture Organizational environment Conflict Intraanizational politics Power Study of Organizational Behavior Behavioral Science Contribution Unit of Analysis Output 心理學（ Psychology) ? 心理學是對行為與心理歷程的科學研究。 （霍夫斯塔德 1991） 管理學意義上的文化是指群體成員共同認同和擁有的一組管理理念與愿景、價值觀取向和行為模式。 LOCUS OF CONTROL 控制點 The Degree to Which People Believe they are in Charge of their Own Fate MACHIAVELLIANISM 馬基雅維里 IS THE DEGREE TO WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL IS PRAGMATIC, MAINTAINS EMOTIONAL DISTANCE AND BELIEVES THAT ENDS CAN JUSTIFY MEANS HIGH MACHS MANIPULATE MORE, WIN MORE, ARE PERSUADED LESS AND HAVE GREATER INFLUNCE OVER OTHER PEOPLE “ IF IT WORKS, USE IT” 馬基雅維里主義者 ?人格特征 ： 相信結(jié)果可以為手段辯護； 重實效，保持情感距離 。 ? 知識反映已知和受到控制條件下的學習結(jié)果，反映個體當時已達到的知識水平。 5. 皇甫恩，“ MBTI人格類型量表的效度分析”，《心理學報》， 2023 年第3期。從而有利于將最合適的人放到最合適的崗位，并在人與人之間獲得完美的工作組合。 Evaluating Trait 特質(zhì)理論的評價 ? Three Major Criticisms: 1. Lack of explanation 2. Stability versus change 3. Situational determinants 建立在容格心理類型論基礎上的 ——MBTI ?MBTI: The MyersBriggs type Indicator ?Type of test: Personality Test ?Source: Jung’ s theory of psychological types ?Method of test: Selfreport method ?Help: ? Understand yourself,your motivations,your strengths and potential areas. ? understand and appreciate those who differ from you. ? Enhance cooperation and productivity What is the MBTI MyersBriggs Type Indicator The MyersBriggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a selfreport questionnaire designed to make Jung’ s theory of psychological types understandable and useful in everyday life. MBTI results describe valuable differences between normal,healthy peopledifferences that can be the source of much misunderstanding and mismunication Jung’ s Psychological Type 容格的心理類型論 Your Mental Processes (精神活動過程） 感知 Perceiving 直覺 Intuition 感覺 Sensing 情感 Feeling 思考 Thinking 判斷 Judging 外向 Extraversion 內(nèi)向 Introversion Dimensions of Jung’ s Psychological Type 容格心理類型的維度 Does the person’ s interest flow mainly to the EXTROVERSION INTROVERSION Does the person prefer to perceive SENSING INTUITION THINKING FEELING Does the person prefer to live JUDGMENT PERCEPTION E S T J I N F P Does the person prefer to make judgments or decisions Where do you prefer to focus you attention?The EI scale E :Extraversion ? Attuned to external environment ? Prefer to municate by talking ? Learn best through doing or discussing ? Breath of interests ? Tend to speak first,reflect later ? Sociable and expressive ? Take initiative in work and relationships I: Introversion ? Drawn to their inner worlds ? Prefer to municate by writing ? Learn best by reflection, mental practice ? Depth of interests ? Tend to reflect before acting or speaking ? Private and contained ? Focus readily How do you Takein information,Discover things ? The SN Scale S: Sensing ? Focus on what is real and actual ? Value practical applications ? Factual and concrete, notice details ? Observe and remember sequentially ? Presentoriented ? Want information stepbystep ? Trust experience N: Intuition ? Focus on “ big picture,” possibilities ? Value imaginative insight ? Abstract and theoretical ? See patterns and meaning in facts ? Futureoriented ? Jump around ,leap in anywhere ? Trust inspiration How do you make decision? The TF Scale T: Thinking ? Analytical ? Logical problemsolvers ? Use causeand –effect reasoning ? “ Toughminded” ? Strive for impersonal, objective truth ? Reasonable ? Fair F: Felling ? Sympathetic ? Assess impact on people ? Guided by personal values ? “ Tenderhearted” ? Strive for harmony and individual validation ? Compassionate ? Accepting How do you orient toward the outer world ?The JP scale J: Judging ? Scheduled ? Organized ? Systematic ? Methodical ? Plan ? Like closureto have things decided ? Avoid lastminute stresses P: Perceiving ? Spontaneous ? Openended ? Casual ? Flexible ? Adapt ? Like things loose and open to change ? Feel energized by lastminute pressures What is your type ? ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ ISTP ISFP INFP INTP ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ 職業(yè)傾向 Temperament and occupations (adapted from Myers ,1985) SP Performers Entrepreneurs Troubleshooters Oneperson businesses Rescue teams SJ Managers Accountants Police Dentists Teachers NT Scientists Architects Engineers Designers Managers NF Counselors Journalists Artists Psychologists Clergy The uses of MBTI ? Selfdevelopment ? Career development and exploration ? Team building ? Management and leadership training 工作情景下的經(jīng)典個性研究 ? Locus of Control ? Machiavellianism ? Self Esteem ? Type A Personality 小測試：你是一個 ？ ? 指揮別人最好的辦法是告訴他們那些他們想聽到的話。在過去的一年里，那種測試篩去了所有女性求職者中的 90%和所有男性求職者的 30%。