【正文】 in, total depravity (徹底的墮落), and limited atonement (有限的贖罪)from God’s gracePuritans left Europe for America in order to prove that they were God’s chosen people who would enjoy God’s blessings on earth and in Heaven. They felt that they were exiles under the special grace of God to establish a theocracy in the New World. Style of writing：the style is fresh, simple and direct。The Adventures of Tom Sawyer湯姆Jean Toomer Harlem Renaissance Term used to describe a flowering of AfricanAmerican literature and art in the 1920s, mainly in the Harlem district of New York City. During the mass migration of African Americans from the rural agricultural South to the urban industrial North (191418), many who came to New York settled in Harlem, as did a good number of black New Yorkers moved from other areas of the city. Meanwhile, Southern black musicians brought jazz with them to the North and to Harlem. The area soon became a sophisticated literary and artistic center. Responding to the heady intellectual atmosphere of the time and place, writers and artists, many of whom lived in Harlem, began to produce a wide variety of fine and highly original works dealing with AfricanAmerican life. Countee Cullen。 William Faulkner The Yoknapatawpha Saga約克納帕塔法世系：The Sound and the Fury 喧囂與騷動；As I Lay Dying我彌留之際；Absalom, Absalom!押沙龍，押沙龍??；Go Down, Moses去吧，摩西Major features of Faulkner’s writingsFaulkner used the South to talk about the violence and evil in all human beings.Faulkner was a great avantgarde experimenter. He successfully advanced some modernliterary techniques: Stream of consciousness. (interior monologue)Multiple point of viewAuthorial transcendence instead of authorial intrusion. His prose varies from colloquial口語的, regional, to formal diction and cadences節(jié)奏 of American speech. Stream of consciousnessThe continuous flow of senseperceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories in the human mind。 they do not seek abstract truth.Realists believe that literature imitates reality. They are attentive to such details as dialect, customs, and experiences that are monplace and “real”. Realists try to describe a small portion of the knowable world in order to maintain “objectivity.”Main WritersWilliam Dean HowellsThe Rise of Silas Lapham塞拉斯 the rhetoric is plain and honest；a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the BiblePuritans’ way of Life：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter there is a good description of the Puritans’ life. Main writersWilliam BradfordOf Plymouth Plantation普利茅斯墾殖記Thomas Paine Common Sense 常識；American Crisis美國危機(jī)；The Rights of Man人權(quán)；The Age of Reason理性時代Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The Wild Honeysuckle野金銀花Benjamin FranklinAutobiography富蘭克林自傳Thomas JeffersonDraft the Declaration of Independence.美國浪漫主義早期RomanticismBackground of Romanticism：Economic boom and national optimism ；Favorable literary milieu: increasing number of magazines ；Foreign influences: the Romantic Movement in Europe. Characteristics of Romanticism：A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. Feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important for romantics than reason and mon sense. An emphasis on individualism。索亞歷險記。 Zora Neale Ernest Hemingwayspokesman for the Lost Generationiceberg theory：The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only oneeighth of it being above water.The Sun Also Rises太陽照常升起；A Far