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f the products must be assured in each process.We have to assure the quality of products that we produce by total inspection if it allows, but we should realize that the inspection is only to select, but not to build the quality.45 Let39。s not talk the fact by literary expression like I think it is about… How to collect data.In order to analyze quality, it is indispensable collect data that represents the fact.Before starting new job, it is necessary to prepare the system to collect data, because initial data is more important to analyze.We have to prepare check sheet to collect data, which is classified into two types as follows:(1) Data recording check sheet To record actual data or number of defective products, or the like classifying them according to each category.(2) Confirmation check sheetIn order to produce excellent products, there are many elements of production like air pressure, or temperature of soldering iron to be checked.After preparing a list of this element, periodically check them, and mark OK or NOT OK on this list.These record are fully informative to know the39。========================================================================Chapter 1 Let39。因此,希望某人出來領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這個團體,積極支持他所在部門的工作,幾個或十來個人就可以組成這樣的品管組,如果都屬於同一部門,有著同樣的活動就更容易激勵活動的開展。如果不把這些異常現(xiàn)象報告給主管,經(jīng)常會帶來很大的損失。檢驗結(jié)果和數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)作為原來製程改善之依據(jù)。不用想像來描繪,這點很重要。然後我們就找出 兩臺機器的不同之處。你能說得多少呢?用得太久、缺少汽油等。當問題發(fā)生的時候,有必要立即趕到工作現(xiàn)場察看,這叫做“現(xiàn)場確認”。然後根據(jù)這些管理要素去檢查結(jié)果,並分析過程,才能知道結(jié)果的原因是甚麼。人生病了,不經(jīng)過仔細診斷就服藥是很危險的。也就是說,即使是不須假藉人手幫助製造產(chǎn)品的全自動化設(shè)備,基本上也是由人來操作與維護。10. 沒有比同樣失敗再發(fā)生更糟的,必須徹底預(yù)防其再發(fā)生?,F(xiàn)在,讓我們與讀者逐章來認識何謂理想的品質(zhì)。3. 「選取 捨棄 4」非兼顧的取向重點。14 品質(zhì)管理是全員的責任每個人都有品管之責任,誰生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)良產(chǎn)品?是公司的每個員工,從工人到各個部門最高管理階層都有責任 .責任是:△ 企劃部的人調(diào)整市場的需求,計劃滿足市場需求之商品。(執(zhí)行)(3) 觀察形勢或結(jié)果,看它們是否朝著目標前進。制定計劃前,讓我們先考慮下列要素:△ 制定的計劃確實能成功地使目標得以實現(xiàn)嗎?△ 你能與你的工作相關(guān)之人士緊密合作嗎?△ 考慮過具體對策沒有?△ 是否周密製作記錄管制體系,足以得知管制結(jié)果和採取之措施?現(xiàn)在我們從以下幾點來確認我們的計劃:時間(When) 整個時程表以及完成日的設(shè)定人物(Who) 誰負責哪部份工作 ?內(nèi)容(What) 我們打算作甚麼 ?地點(Where) 哪裡部份是可優(yōu)先執(zhí)行的?原因(Why) 為何必須這樣做 ?方式(How) 我們?nèi)绾尾拍軐崿F(xiàn) ?25 計畫的執(zhí)行「旺盛的企圖心」和「良好的手法」是不可或缺的。(如修理模具)(3) 為了不再發(fā)生同樣的問題,需建立規(guī)則來觀察不良要因的變化情形。要用相當有限的時間、人力和物力同時解決這些問題,幾乎是不可能的。測試 100 個燈泡,一些最大壽命超過 2500 小時,而一些最低壽命不足 1500 小時。我們來研究管制圖,因為如果我們習(xí)慣了使用管制圖,這對我們的工作將大有益處。再說,有些產(chǎn)品特性根本不容許全數(shù)檢驗(如:燈泡的壽命)。47 “防呆”(Fool Proof)觀念的提昇我們總是盡力做好,但我們不是全能的而且也不可能事事完美,總是有時會出錯。但我們可以想像,她之所感到滿意,是因為她靠自己的能力投入而取得的成就,也因為公司全體員工對品管效果是有了認識。55 歸納與發(fā)表當改善行動進行到最後,要比照最初的情況來確認效果。s set up the achievable plan.We set up the plan to achieve our target, but often the plan is left as a plan.Most part of good result is produced by the good planning and preparation.It is said that a housewife who cooks well prepares well before cooking.Before setting up the plan, let39。s standardize operation of the job. (Operation standard)To produce the products with minimum dispersion, each process of operation and procedure should be kept same as constant as possible, no matter when and who39。s make the operation standard easy to understand with necessary drawing, and keep it in certain place for easy reference.43Enough training of the job is necessary.Do you know how to solder?Do you understand when and how poor soldering happens?Can you solder perfectly without any defectives?39。s check the plan from the following pointsWhen Whole schedule and target ofWho Who takes what part?What What are we going to do?Where Where is most advantageous toWhy Why is it necessary to do?How How can we realize?25To carry out the planVital will and Good method is necessary. To carry out the plan, everybody have to maintain vital will, and choose the Good method39。如果得到了滿意的效果,就總結(jié)行動的過程。通過這種品質(zhì)活動,每個人都會感到有參與的價值。所以必須考慮設(shè)計若干裝置以便在我們發(fā)生錯誤時,立即警示或暫停機械操作。當然如果情況允許的話,我們應(yīng)該透過全數(shù)檢驗來確保所有生產(chǎn)品的品質(zhì),但我們應(yīng)意識到檢驗只是在作挑選,而不能建立品質(zhì)。例如:即使是較小的操作如檢驗零件也會導(dǎo)致不合格品的產(chǎn)生,因為手指的油脂會致使生銹,擠壓也會導(dǎo)致變形,產(chǎn)生不合格品前,我們應(yīng)先通過實際樣品或?qū)嶒瀬矸治鰜K找出工作中可能出現(xiàn)的不良之原因。品管人員應(yīng)更重視分散性能而不是中間值。柏拉圖對此點是相當有幫助的。打個比方:有位總統(tǒng)發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)客廳的鐘不走了,非常生氣;“要是客人來了,給看甚麼?錯誤的鐘點嗎?”他的秘書發(fā)現(xiàn)是電池用完了,才趕快給換掉。「旺盛的企圖心」包括:△ 實現(xiàn)目標之堅強意志和積極行動△ 和他人密切合作之熱情△ 完成工作內(nèi)容之強烈責任感(使命感)「良好的手法」包括:△ 統(tǒng)計方法之應(yīng)用△ 數(shù)據(jù)收集整理的完全標準化、系統(tǒng)化△ 個人知識技能的發(fā)揮發(fā)展個人積極意識和能力必不可少要執(zhí)行我們的計畫,確認每個人都充分明瞭最終的目標是非常重要的。(改善行動)我們把這四個步驟稱作「管理循環(huán)」或是「戴明循環(huán)」。△ 採購課的人要以合理的價格和充分的時間去採購,保證產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)所需的零件和材料。5. 以現(xiàn)場、現(xiàn)物、數(shù)據(jù)去確認、證實「事實」。有人說,做品質(zhì)管理須具備複雜的技能,錯了。8. 工作指示及步驟不以口頭,而以清清楚楚的標準書進行。這些部門就像一支管弦樂隊,在高級管理部門的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,奏響優(yōu)良產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的和諧樂章。瞄準月球、發(fā)射、確認飛行的路徑以及速度等主要管制點,假如它們不正確了,就修正它們,以確保其能達到目標。管理領(lǐng)域最重要一環(huán)就是“檢查”我們必須不斷地檢查製程和結(jié)果。如果用這種方法處理問題,就不能科學(xué)地進行品質(zhì)管制,同時也很難改善產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)或是品管體系。34 特性要因分析研究(特性要因圖)為解決問題,了解真正原因及其相互聯(lián)繫是非常重要。36 分析資料(一)層別法我們生產(chǎn)的任何產(chǎn)品在生產(chǎn)過程或尺寸上都會有分散,各種圖示是用來減小這些分散,而且我們還必須了解分散的原因,但最後的數(shù)據(jù)本身通常說明不了原因。42 作業(yè)標準化(作業(yè)規(guī)範)要生產(chǎn)最小分散之產(chǎn)品,無論甚麼時候由誰完成,都應(yīng)保持每個製程和程序之一致性。2. 藉由檢測來評估品質(zhì)3. 將檢測結(jié)果與標準作比較,判定允收還是拒收。為預(yù)防這類事情的發(fā)生,在每個零件外箱上安裝按鍵開關(guān)(Touch Switch),假如當作業(yè)員拿起這些零件而沒有依序觸動每個開關(guān)或是忘了觸動開關(guān)時,擋板就不會被掀開 ,而阻止紙箱繼續(xù)流動。希望此書能有助於了解這些基礎(chǔ),它同樣對國內(nèi)外的其他公司之品質(zhì)活動範例之分析也有用,因為品管活動在日本、美國、歐洲和東南亞都切實地得到推行。為作好充分準備,每個人都要有所行動,要準備圖表、實際樣品、練習(xí)介紹方法,這樣才能更有效地被人理解與接受。 wrong time? His secretary found the battery worn out, and replaced it. Now, it is all for her to do? Several months later, what will happen? What should we do more?Chapter 3 Fundamental attitude of Quality Control is scientific approach, based on the fact and data.31Let39。39。s study control chart, because it is Very helpful when we are accustomed to use it. Chapter 4. Basic steps of Quality assurance41Let39。We have many problems of defective parts, and difficult assembling by difficult design.Do you think these problems are really the problems of the production section? In short, the amount of correct answer for that question represent the degree of understanding regarding Quality Control.Chapter 2 How to achieve our target.21Control Circle, (PDCA)In order to achieve our target (for example, to reduce the percentage of defects to certain level,) we have to proceed following four steps.1) First, we have to make the objective clear, and set up the means to achieve the objective. (Plan)2) Put the plan into practice (