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平法的保護(hù);在因船舶未登記致使抵押無(wú)法登記的情況下,抵押權(quán)人仍然可以對(duì)抗船舶的善意受讓人。這是商法與民法下兩種突出價(jià)值理念的體現(xiàn),民事關(guān)系主要在于保護(hù)當(dāng)事人合法權(quán)利,突出公平正義,商事法主要在于維護(hù)交易安全便捷與社會(huì)穩(wěn)定,體現(xiàn)法對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序的規(guī)范作用。簡(jiǎn)明地說(shuō),實(shí)現(xiàn)抵押權(quán)的設(shè)定需要經(jīng)過(guò)主要的三個(gè)階段:首先是貸款協(xié)議(Loan Agreement)的訂立階段;然后是船舶抵押合同訂立階段,在英美法中是保證契約(Deed of Covenants)的訂立階段;最后是船舶抵押權(quán)登記階段。英國(guó)法下,對(duì)這種信用內(nèi)涵約定的自由得到淋漓盡致的體現(xiàn),英國(guó)法根據(jù)雙方協(xié)議解釋抵押雙方的權(quán)利、義務(wù)與責(zé)任。以下將按船舶登記制度,船舶抵押權(quán)登記制度,廣義船舶登記制度中存在問(wèn)題與解決為順序逐一進(jìn)行論述。狹義的船舶登記是指船舶的原始登記,包括船舶所有權(quán)登記與船舶國(guó)籍登記。保證契約一般會(huì)涉及到“貸款的償還” 、 “抵押與轉(zhuǎn)讓” 、 “保險(xiǎn)保證” 、 “租船保證” 、 “擔(dān)保保證” 、 “財(cái)政保證” 、 “營(yíng)運(yùn)保證” 、 “抵押權(quán)方保護(hù)抵押品的權(quán)利” 、 “違約事件” 、 “抵押權(quán)方強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的權(quán)利” 、 “代理人” 、 “出售船舶所得款項(xiàng)” 、 “費(fèi)用” 、 “補(bǔ)償與利息” 、 “延誤與棄權(quán)” 、 “無(wú)效” 、 “歸還擔(dān)?!?、 “通知” 、 “適用法律與管轄權(quán)”這些內(nèi)容。船舶抵押權(quán)相關(guān)法律問(wèn)題研究15第二章 船舶抵押權(quán)的設(shè)立第一節(jié) 船舶抵押權(quán)的設(shè)立概述一、船舶抵押權(quán)設(shè)立過(guò)程船舶抵押合意是在船舶抵押權(quán)設(shè)立最初階段,當(dāng)事人雙方就設(shè)立船舶抵押擔(dān)保物權(quán)達(dá)成一致的意思表示。 “True legal mortgages mean mortgages by the traditional mon law method of transfer subject to a proviso in this manner…….”10傳統(tǒng)普通法下真實(shí)的“l(fā)egal mortgage”是指通過(guò)類(lèi)似這種方式的條款轉(zhuǎn)移標(biāo)的物的所有權(quán),在參考文獻(xiàn)中常常用來(lái)對(duì)比衡平抵押或者法定抵押,在英國(guó)“Legal Mortgage”在土地法中上已經(jīng)被法定抵押替代而廢除了。 《1854 年商船法》開(kāi)始直至最新的《1995 年的商船法》 ,對(duì)在英國(guó)登記的船舶抵押做出規(guī)定,要求以法定格式進(jìn)行抵押登記,而且船舶抵押不再轉(zhuǎn)移船舶所有權(quán)。本文將從抵押權(quán)人實(shí)現(xiàn)擔(dān)保利益的角度分析船舶抵押權(quán)人實(shí)現(xiàn)擔(dān)保利益會(huì)遭遇到的各種風(fēng)險(xiǎn),以船舶抵押權(quán)設(shè)立、船舶抵押權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)為線(xiàn)索,以船舶融資抵押法律關(guān)系中的融資關(guān)系、船舶關(guān)系、抵押關(guān)系為進(jìn)階提出問(wèn)題、分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題。在海商法下,船舶抵押權(quán)指向的標(biāo)的物船舶是一種流動(dòng)性很強(qiáng)的動(dòng)產(chǎn),無(wú)須經(jīng)過(guò)抵押人和抵押權(quán)人的同意,即會(huì)負(fù)擔(dān)許多債權(quán),隨時(shí)面臨著償還各種船舶優(yōu)先權(quán)債務(wù)和船舶留置權(quán)債務(wù)。船舶抵押權(quán)相關(guān)法律問(wèn)題研究9這在我國(guó)海商法對(duì)船舶抵押權(quán)的定義中有所體現(xiàn), 《海商法》第 11 條規(guī)定:“船舶抵押權(quán),是指抵押權(quán)人對(duì)于抵押人提供的作為債務(wù)擔(dān)保的船舶,在抵押人不履行債務(wù)時(shí),可以依法拍賣(mài),從賣(mài)得的價(jià)款中優(yōu)先受償?shù)臋?quán)利。而海商法下船舶6 徐瑣婕:“船舶優(yōu)先權(quán)與船舶抵押權(quán)和船舶留置權(quán)的比較研究” ,2022 年上海海事大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文,第 39頁(yè)船舶抵押權(quán)相關(guān)法律問(wèn)題研究88抵押權(quán)、船舶優(yōu)先權(quán)、船舶留置權(quán)反映的利益主體既有商法下的抵押權(quán)方,又有經(jīng)濟(jì)法中的社會(huì)公共利益主體,還有侵權(quán)法律關(guān)系反映的民事主體的利益,這體現(xiàn)在海商法調(diào)整的不僅是海上特有的法律關(guān)系,還對(duì)應(yīng)有合同范圍內(nèi)的法律關(guān)系以及民事侵權(quán)法律關(guān)系。在船舶抵押法律關(guān)系中抵押權(quán)人是主要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承擔(dān)方。史尚寬先生認(rèn)為:“權(quán)利以有形或無(wú)形之社會(huì)利益為其內(nèi)容或目的,例如物權(quán)以直接排他的支配一定之物為其內(nèi)容或目的,債權(quán)以要求特定人之一定行為為其內(nèi)容或目的,為此內(nèi)容或目的之成立所必要之一定對(duì)象,為權(quán)利之客體。所以說(shuō),抵押是作為強(qiáng)有力的還款保證而存在的。押船貸款極高的利息一部分原因是貸款人承擔(dān)了今天保險(xiǎn)人承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),根據(jù)對(duì)價(jià)原則,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與利息是成正比的。而法定擔(dān)保物權(quán)多是基于社會(huì)公共政策的價(jià)值考量而設(shè)立。作為擔(dān)保債權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)的抵押物,船舶是一種對(duì)于貸款人有巨大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的移動(dòng)的動(dòng)產(chǎn)。s relation and ship mortgage under Maritime Law this thesis had given a proper and objective analyse of the legal problems of ship mortgage from the point of Chinese legislation and judicial practice,in the end this thesis proposed corresponding suggestions.The main methods used are: parative analysis, historical analysis, logical analysis, literal analysis. The establishment of ship mortgage from the whole logical process to achieve the main line, put forward ideas to the social and economic effects of the law for the purpose of digest analysis, from the basic theory of legal principles to legal problems and then to practice, and finally put forward legislation proposal to form a plete analysis of the problem to the framework to solve the problem. Chapter 1 had dissect the nature of ship mortgage,the legal relation of ship mortgage, the realization of ship mortgage,the object of ship mortgage,in the final part of this chapter had given an exploration on ship mortgage under Common Law and the worth drawing aspect of the system of ship mortgage under Common Law.Chapter 2 take the establishment of ship mortgage as the principle line,probe into the 66basic problem in the establishment of ship mortgage and propose the personal opinion about these Two mainly refers to original ship registration,proposed the problems existed in Chinese ship nationality registration and ownership registration.Chapter 3 analyzed the effectiveness of ship mortgage, including the legal problems on the theory of the registration and the legal effectiveness of ship mortgage and chapter specifically refers to the connotation and value of ship mortgage,the function of ship mortgage,the choice of the registration mode of ship further given an parative analysis on the constitution of Chinese ship mortgage and American ship this chapter put forward the problems existed in Chinese ship mortgage registration and proposed corresponding suggestion. Chapter 4 discussed the realization of ship mortgage, including maritime liens, possessory liens, bareboat charter39。本人授權(quán) 大學(xué)可以將本學(xué)位論文的全部或部分內(nèi)容編入有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行檢索,可以采用影印、縮印或掃描等復(fù)制手段保存和匯編本學(xué)位論文。對(duì)本文的研究做出重要貢獻(xiàn)的個(gè)人和集體,均已在文中以明確方式標(biāo)明。 第四章對(duì)船舶抵押權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行分析,分別闡述了船舶優(yōu)先權(quán)、船舶留置權(quán)、光船租賃權(quán)對(duì)船舶抵押權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)的影響,并提出了解決的對(duì)策與立法建議。航運(yùn)業(yè)和造船業(yè)是我國(guó)重點(diǎn)發(fā)展的兩大產(chǎn)業(yè)。法定擔(dān)保物權(quán)是指符合法律規(guī)定的構(gòu)成要件而當(dāng)然發(fā)生的擔(dān)保物權(quán),例如船舶留置權(quán)和船舶優(yōu)先權(quán)等。研究這些問(wèn)題的目的就在于能夠更好的發(fā)揮船舶的融資作用。這種制度構(gòu)建的理念以效益價(jià)值、公平價(jià)值和秩序價(jià)值為核心。英美法有一套復(fù)雜的制度利用動(dòng)產(chǎn)抵押擔(dān)保,大陸法系有一套嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)倪壿嬻w系規(guī)范調(diào)整動(dòng)產(chǎn)擔(dān)保。抵押擔(dān)保合意與借貸合意是這一法律關(guān)系存在的基礎(chǔ),雙方合意的本質(zhì)是以抵押人與抵押權(quán)人共同受益。這是因?yàn)榇暗盅簷?quán)作為一種設(shè)定在動(dòng)產(chǎn)上的擔(dān)保物權(quán)卻不能以轉(zhuǎn)移占有為權(quán)利的外表表征,無(wú)從讓第三人了解到實(shí)際權(quán)屬的信息。對(duì)于船舶抵押權(quán)的性質(zhì)有物權(quán)說(shuō),債權(quán)說(shuō)等,筆者認(rèn)為船舶抵押權(quán)是一種以債權(quán)存在為前提的物權(quán)利益,因?yàn)檫@種權(quán)利的實(shí)現(xiàn)以物為媒介,展現(xiàn)的是物的交換價(jià)值,是一種以債權(quán)的存在支配物權(quán)的價(jià)值的執(zhí)行權(quán)。保證契約的作用實(shí)質(zhì)上發(fā)揮著船舶所有權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)移給抵押權(quán)人帶來(lái)的保障作用,所以英國(guó)法將保證契約納入船舶抵押權(quán)登記的官方申請(qǐng)證明文件中,實(shí)際上即是認(rèn)識(shí)到物權(quán)領(lǐng)域,在所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移到不轉(zhuǎn)移占有的定限物權(quán)的發(fā)展過(guò)程中保證契約所起的信用擔(dān)保文件的價(jià)值。 PreExisting Liens Insurance), “抵押方額外互保協(xié)會(huì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)保險(xiǎn) ”(Mortgagees39。權(quán)的抵押權(quán), 《海商法》規(guī)定的船舶抵押權(quán)的登記效力為登記對(duì)抗主義。維基百科全書(shū)對(duì)于“Statutory Mortgage”的解釋是這樣的:一些司法管轄區(qū)允許特定財(cái)產(chǎn)不通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)移所有權(quán)的形式抵押給抵押權(quán)人。實(shí)務(wù)中,我國(guó)需要研究的是這種意思自治的范圍有多廣,合同自由可以規(guī)定到哪種程度。保證契約在布萊克法律詞典中是這樣定義的:“A formal agreement or promise, 船舶抵押權(quán)相關(guān)法律問(wèn)題研究1616usually in a contract.”楊良宜先生所著船舶融資與抵押一書(shū)中對(duì)“保證契約”有這樣的解釋?zhuān)骸癉eed of Covenants”means the deed of covenant collateral to the Mortgage to be executed in favour of the Lenders by Borrower, the Lenders and the Agent being in such form as the Lender may require.”“保證契約” 是附屬或追加在船舶抵押,為保障貸款銀行而實(shí)施或簽署的,以貸款銀行要求形式為準(zhǔn)。第三,在面臨任何一方違約或產(chǎn)生糾紛時(shí),能有保證契約作為證明解決糾紛。 17我國(guó)的船舶登記制度起源于國(guó)民黨政府于 1931 年實(shí)施的《海商法》 。這個(gè)具有雙方合意內(nèi)容的抵押是特定的,并且保證契約中條款是被并入登記申請(qǐng)表中的。船舶抵押權(quán)的設(shè)定,應(yīng)當(dāng)簽訂書(shū)面合同。一般而言,會(huì)有以下形式擔(dān)保作為融資抵押下的擔(dān)保,針對(duì)財(cái)產(chǎn)或船舶的保證契約,船舶各種保險(xiǎn)賠付轉(zhuǎn)讓擔(dān)保,船舶收益(租金、運(yùn)費(fèi))的轉(zhuǎn)讓擔(dān)保,針對(duì)自然人的個(gè)人擔(dān)保,針對(duì)公司或集團(tuán)的公司股票質(zhì)押擔(dān)保。布萊克法律詞典中對(duì)衡平抵押是這樣解釋的:“A transaction that has the intent but not the form of a mortgage, and that a court of equity will treat as a mortgage. Whenever a transaction resolves itself into a security, or an offer or attempt to pledge land as security for a debtor liability, equity will treat it as a mortgage, without regard to the form it may assume, or the name the parties may choose to give it……9”亦即是具有抵押的合意但沒(méi)有采取本來(lái)應(yīng)該有的形式,法院亦會(huì)承認(rèn)其抵押的實(shí)質(zhì)性交易。所以這更進(jìn)一步形成了船舶形式上的擔(dān)保能力與實(shí)際償付能力的差距。