【正文】 式中表現(xiàn)出來。潛伏學(xué)習(xí)的事實(shí)說明，動(dòng)物在無強(qiáng)化條件下也在進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)。 ：是符號所代表的新知識與學(xué)習(xí)者認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)中已有的知識建立非實(shí)質(zhì)性和人為性的聯(lián)系。 ① 嘗試錯(cuò)誤式。這個(gè)定義既包括前一種學(xué)習(xí)對后一種學(xué)習(xí)的影響，又包括后一種學(xué)習(xí)對前 一種學(xué)習(xí)的影響。 微信 掃描二維碼關(guān)注啟航考研（ qh_kaoyan） 考研自學(xué)平臺 咋學(xué) APP 官網(wǎng)： ： ① 事物本身的特性 ② 人的已有的知識經(jīng)驗(yàn) ③ 人對事物的愉快情感體驗(yàn) 辦法： ① 增強(qiáng)教學(xué)內(nèi)容的新穎性和多樣性 ② 善于把教學(xué)內(nèi)容與學(xué)生的已有知識經(jīng)驗(yàn)聯(lián)系起來 ③ 教學(xué)難度水平要適中，使學(xué)生在可接受的范圍內(nèi)獲得愉快的情感體驗(yàn) ： ① 明確課堂學(xué)習(xí)的目的和意義 ② 利用靈活的教學(xué)方式使課堂教學(xué)風(fēng)趣化 ③ 加強(qiáng)課堂內(nèi)容的新穎性、形象性和具體性 ④ 充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生在課堂學(xué)習(xí)中的主動(dòng)性 ⑤ 及時(shí)反饋學(xué)生的課堂學(xué)習(xí)行為 ：學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度是學(xué)生對學(xué)習(xí)及在學(xué)習(xí)情境中所表現(xiàn)出來的一種比較穩(wěn)定的心理傾向。s 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party39。s basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the anization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised Regulations adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. 微信 掃描二維碼關(guān)注啟航考研（ qh_kaoyan） 考研自學(xué)平臺 咋學(xué) APP 官網(wǎng)： Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party anizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party39。s 微信 掃描二維碼關(guān)注啟航考研（ qh_kaoyan） 考研自學(xué)平臺 咋學(xué) APP 官網(wǎng)： selfdiscipline norms and party members and leading cadre clean fingered selfdiscipline norms, a total of eight, collectively referred to as the eight. Four must and eight of the content from the party constitution and Party39。 the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems。遷移量有賴于初次學(xué)習(xí)的程度，在初次學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)中實(shí)踐次數(shù)的增加，會使遷移量增加。它必須以知識、技能為基礎(chǔ)，以一定的智力水平為前提。 微信 掃描二維碼關(guān)注啟航考研（ qh_kaoyan） 考研自學(xué)平臺 咋學(xué) APP 官網(wǎng)： ：實(shí)質(zhì)上就是理解各種概念之間的某種關(guān)系，并以此能使人用一類動(dòng)作對一類刺激情境作出反應(yīng)，它是可以被觀察到的，是能夠被證實(shí)的。 ：類屬學(xué)習(xí)、總括學(xué)習(xí)、并列學(xué)習(xí)。 ：學(xué)習(xí)就是對行為的目標(biāo)、取得目標(biāo)的手段、達(dá)到目標(biāo)的途徑和獲得目標(biāo)的結(jié)果的認(rèn)知，就是期待或認(rèn)知觀念的獲得。 ：人們通過認(rèn)知過程把獲得的信息和以前構(gòu)成的心理框架聯(lián)系起來，積極的構(gòu)成它的知識框架，這種框架是一種 “表象系統(tǒng) ”或稱為 “內(nèi)在模式 ”。這對后來學(xué)習(xí)聯(lián)結(jié)理論的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了重大影響。 ：是指兒童身心發(fā)展達(dá)到適宜于學(xué)習(xí)某種事物的狀態(tài)。它是在道德生活過程中所形成的觀念體系，發(fā)展較晚。 ：當(dāng)某一情境與某一反應(yīng)準(zhǔn)備聯(lián)結(jié)時(shí)，給予聯(lián)結(jié)就引起學(xué)習(xí)者的滿意 。 ：強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知過程研究，并重視學(xué)習(xí)者的主觀能動(dòng)性和目的性，反對機(jī)械的、盲目的學(xué)習(xí)觀點(diǎn)。它強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)習(xí) 的主動(dòng)性，強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知過程，重視認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)、知識結(jié)構(gòu)和學(xué)生的獨(dú)立思考在學(xué)習(xí)中的重要作用，并把學(xué)習(xí)理論研究的重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到學(xué)生的知識學(xué)習(xí)和課堂教學(xué)方面來。 ：符號所代表的新知識與學(xué)習(xí)者認(rèn)識結(jié)構(gòu)中已有的適當(dāng)觀念建立實(shí)質(zhì)性和非人為性的聯(lián)系。 ： ① 概念的具體性和含糊性減少，概念的抽象性和精確性增加 ② 概念形式減少，概念同化增加 ③ 概念的自發(fā)性降低，概念的自覺性提高 ：變式是指概念的肯定例證在無關(guān)特征方面的變化 。小學(xué)生和科學(xué)家都有創(chuàng)造性，只是在創(chuàng)造層次和水平上有不同而已。人們很早就發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們可以學(xué)會如何進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)。 不良品德的心理學(xué)依據(jù)： ① 消除疑懼心理與對立情緒，恢復(fù)正常的人際關(guān)系 ② 品德不良青少年的自尊心和集體榮譽(yù)感的恢復(fù)與培養(yǎng) ③ 形成正確的是非觀念，增強(qiáng)是非感 ④ 增強(qiáng)與誘因作斗爭的力量，鞏固新的行為習(xí)慣 ⑤ 正確把握青少年心理發(fā)展的年齡特征與個(gè)別差異 ⑥ 獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)與懲罰的運(yùn)用 微信 掃描二維碼關(guān)注啟航考研（ qh_kaoyan） 考研自學(xué)平臺 咋學(xué) APP 官網(wǎng)： （英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of prehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen innerparty supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the code adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard。s eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, anization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the code and rule modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) code code adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in bination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing 微信 掃描二維碼關(guān)注啟航考研（ qh_kaoyan） 考研自學(xué)平臺 咋學(xué) APP 官網(wǎng)： main problems of selfdiscipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 mon requirements. One is closely linked to the selfdiscipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendment cases . Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the prehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised code is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the selfdiscipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People39。s eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the four winds and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interes