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so the forecast horizon is three years. 在本例中,預測了三年的自由現(xiàn)金流量,所以預測時間段為 3年 ? Growth in free cash flows is not constant during the forecast,so we can’t use the constant growth formula to find the value of operations at time 0. 在 3年的預測期中,自由現(xiàn)金流量的增長不固定,所以我們無法使用固定增長公式來計算時點 0時的營業(yè)資產(chǎn)價值。 12 39 Two Primary Mechanisms of Corporate Governance 公司治理的兩個基本機制 ? “ Stick” “大棒” ? Provisions in the charter that affect takeovers. 公司章程中影響接管的條款 ? Composition of the board of directors. 董事會的構(gòu)成 ? “Carrot: Compensation plans. “胡蘿卜”:補償計劃 12 40 Entrenched Management 僵化管理 ? Occurs when there is little chance that poorly performing managers will be replaced. 如果業(yè)績不好的經(jīng)理被替換的可能性很小,那么就會出現(xiàn)僵化管理。 12 37 Expected ROIC and MVA 預計的投資收益和市場增加值 Division A( A部門) Division B( B部門) Capital0 資金 0 $780 $780 $270 $270 Growth 增長率 5% 6% 5% 6% Sales1 銷售收入 1 $1,050 $1,060 $1,050 $1,060 NOPAT1稅后凈營業(yè)利潤 1 $63 $ $42 $ EROIC0預計的投資收益 % % % % MVA市場附加值 () () 12 38 Analysis of Growth Strategies 銷售增長戰(zhàn)略的分析 ? The expected ROIC of Division A is less than the WACC, so the division should postpone growth efforts until it improves EROIC by reducing capital requirements (., reducing inventory) and/or improving profitability. A部門的預計投資收益要低于加權(quán)平均資金成本,所以該部門應推遲采取銷售增長 策略,等到其通過減少資金占用(例如減少存貨)而改善預計投資收益,以及 /或改善獲利能力以后再采取相應行動。 ? ?? ????????????1ttt01tttOpWA C C1)g1(F C FWA C C1F C FV12 11 Constant Growth Formula 固定增長公式 ? Notice that the term in parentheses is less than one and gets smaller as t gets larger. As t gets very large, term approaches zero. 注意:括弧內(nèi)的數(shù)值小于 1,隨著 t值不斷變大,該數(shù)值越來越小。 12 21 Horizon Value (Cont.) 水平價值(續(xù)) ? Growth is constant after the horizon (3 years), so we can modify the constant growth formula to find the value of all free cash flows beyond the horizon, discounted back to the horizon. 在預測范圍( 3年)以后,增長率為固定值,所以我們可以對固定增長公式進行調(diào)整以計算預測時間段以外的所有自由現(xiàn)金流量價值,并折現(xiàn)到預測時間段以內(nèi)。 ? Two causes: 兩個原因: ? Antitakeover provisions in the charter 公司章程中的反接管條款 ? Weak board of directors 董事會軟弱 12 41 How are entrenched managers harmful to shareholders? 難以觸動的經(jīng)理人員如何損害股東的利益? ? Management consumes perks: 管理層享受額外待遇: ? Lavish offices and corporate jets 豪華的辦公室和企業(yè)公務飛機 ? Excessively large staffs 龐大、臃腫的員工隊伍 ? Memberships at country clubs 鄉(xiāng)村俱樂部的成員資格 ? Management accepts projects (or acquisitions) to make firm larger, even if MVA goes down. 管理層接受某些項目(或收購某些項目),使得公司規(guī)模越來越大,即使市場增加價值 MVA越來越低。 ? Division A has high profitability (OP=6%) but high capital requirements (CR=78%). A部門具有較高的獲利能力( 營業(yè)獲利能力 OP=6% ),但占用資金也較多(資金需要量 CR比重 = 78% ) ? Division B has low profitability (OP=4%) but low capital requirements (CR=27%). B