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profit margin is 100%) and that never has to make additional investments in operating capital. 第一個(gè)括弧指的是一個(gè)公司用于獲得所有銷售收益的市場(chǎng)增加值( MVA), (也就是,其營(yíng)業(yè)利潤(rùn)率為 100%),并且不需要投入額外的營(yíng)業(yè)資本。 ????????????????)g1(CRW AC COP12 30 Improvements in MVA due to the Value Drivers 由于價(jià)值驅(qū)動(dòng)因素而使市場(chǎng)增加價(jià)值得到的改善 ? MVA will improve if: 如果發(fā)生以下情況, MVA將得到改善 ?WACC is reduced 加權(quán)平均資金成本降低 ?operating profitability (OP) increases 營(yíng)業(yè)獲利能力提高 ?the capital requirement (CR) decreases 資金需要量減少 12 31 The Impact of Growth 銷售增長(zhǎng)的影響 ? The second term in brackets can be either positive or negative, depending on the relative size of profitability, capital requirements, and required return by investors. 括弧中第二個(gè)值既可能是正值,也可能是負(fù)值,這取決于營(yíng)業(yè)獲利能力、資金需要量和投資人要求的收益的相對(duì)大小。 也就是說(shuō),利潤(rùn)不足以補(bǔ)償投資人要求的投資收益。 12 33 Expected Return on Invested Capital (EROIC) 投入資金的期望收益 ? The expected return on invested capital is the NOPAT expected next period divided by the amount of capital that is currently invested: 投入資金的期望收益是指下一時(shí)期的期望稅后凈營(yíng)業(yè)利潤(rùn)( NOPAT) 除以本期投入資金的數(shù)量所得到的值。 如果差額為負(fù),就會(huì)出現(xiàn)相反的結(jié)果。 ? Division A has high profitability (OP=6%) but high capital requirements (CR=78%). A部門具有較高的獲利能力( 營(yíng)業(yè)獲利能力 OP=6% ),但占用資金也較多(資金需要量 CR比重 = 78% ) ? Division B has low profitability (OP=4%) but low capital requirements (CR=27%). B部門的獲利能力較低( 營(yíng)業(yè)獲利能力 OP=4% ),但占用資金也較少(資金需要量 CR比重 = 27% ) 12 36 What is the impact on MVA if growth goes from 5% to 6%? 如果銷售增長(zhǎng)率由 5%變?yōu)?6%,會(huì)對(duì)市場(chǎng)增加值 MVA產(chǎn)生什么影響? Division A ( A部門) Division B( B部門) OP 營(yíng)業(yè)獲利能力 6% 6% 4% 4% CR 資金需要量 78% 78% 27% 27% Growth 增長(zhǎng)率 5% 6% 5% 6% MVA 市場(chǎng)增加值 () () Note: MVA is calculated using the formula on slide 1227. 注: 市場(chǎng)增加值 MVA的計(jì)算采用幻燈片 1227上的公式。 ? The expected ROIC of Division B is greater than the WACC, so the division should continue with its growth plans. B部門的預(yù)計(jì)投資收益要高于加權(quán)平均資金成本,所以該部門應(yīng)續(xù)執(zhí)行銷售增長(zhǎng)計(jì)劃。 ? Two causes: 兩個(gè)原因: ? Antitakeover provisions in the charter 公司章程中的反接管條款 ? Weak board of directors 董事會(huì)軟弱 12 41 How are entrenched managers harmful to shareholders? 難以觸動(dòng)的經(jīng)理人員如何損害股東的利益? ? Management consumes perks: 管理層享受額外待遇: ? Lavish offices and corporate jets 豪華的辦公室和企業(yè)公務(wù)飛機(jī) ? Excessively large staffs 龐大、臃腫的員工隊(duì)伍 ? Memberships at country clubs 鄉(xiāng)村俱樂(lè)部的成員資格 ? Management accepts projects (or acquisitions) to make firm larger, even if MVA goes down. 管理層接受某些項(xiàng)目(或收購(gòu)某些項(xiàng)目),使得公司規(guī)模越來(lái)越大,即使市場(chǎng)增加價(jià)值 MVA越來(lái)越低。 ? Interlocking boards are weaker (CEO of pany A sits on board of pany B, CEO of B sits on board of A). 內(nèi)部鎖定董事( A公司的首席執(zhí)行官同時(shí)任 B公司的董事,而 B公司的首席執(zhí)行官也兼任 A公司的董事 ) 過(guò)多的董事會(huì)比較軟弱。 ? Usually can’t exercise the option for several years (called the vesting period). 期權(quán)擁有者通常在幾年內(nèi)(稱為授予期或等待期)不能行使該權(quán)利。