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下內(nèi)容, O(∩_∩)O謝謝!??! 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全,電大期末考試必備小抄,電大考試必過小抄 Shanghai’s Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the city’s history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghai’s other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a mercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the city’s history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in people’s living conditions. Where the Bund began Inbetween the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and crisscross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire plex of this historical site prises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a twostorey masonry building on an Hshaped plan in typical English renaissance style. The building is designed with a fivearch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a caf233。“擬話本”在藝術(shù)上有長足的提高,在題材內(nèi)容上重視故事的趣味性,在結(jié)構(gòu)上重視空間和時間順序,在描寫上重白描,語言生動活潑,簡煉傳神?!薄靶造`說”有力的批判了復(fù)古主義的文學(xué)理論,強(qiáng)調(diào)性靈,注意到了作家的個性,具有反對假學(xué)道的意義。為后來公安派結(jié)束復(fù)古主義在文壇的統(tǒng)治起了一些開拓作用。后七子的復(fù)古文學(xué)主 張并不能為文學(xué)的發(fā)展指出一條健康的道路,但他們強(qiáng)調(diào)先秦、盛唐的文學(xué)模式對明代的八股文也有所沖擊。詩文革新與慶歷新政相互呼應(yīng),是政治改革在文化方面的回響。 1902 年,梁啟超創(chuàng)辦《新小說》雜志,并發(fā)表了《論小說與群治之關(guān)系》一文,正式提出了小說界革命的口號,重點論述了小說界革命之必要,指明小說界革命的中心意圖是 “改良群治 ”,認(rèn)為 “欲新民,必自新小說始 ”。在對黃遵憲等人的新學(xué)之詩的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)作了檢討之后,提出詩界革命應(yīng)以 “新意境 ”、 “新語句 ”、 “古風(fēng)格 ”三者具備為衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。又因湯顯祖的書齋名為玉茗 ,幫又稱 “玉茗堂四夢 ”。 : 明清同治年間,中國人所寫域外游記開始出現(xiàn),作者或為出使、旅居、專察,在目睹與中國完全異趣的外國風(fēng)光人情特產(chǎn)制度等新世界、新事物后,為文以記之。折是音樂單位,一折里只用同一宮調(diào)的一套曲子,四折就是四大套曲子,可選用四種不同的宮調(diào)。 62. 彈詞 :是流行于南方的用琵琶、三弦伴奏的講唱文學(xué)形式。經(jīng)以科學(xué),緯以科學(xué),緯以人情。 52. 元詩四家 :指的是元代中期大德、延祐年間活躍于文壇的四位作家,他們是虞集、楊載、范槨和揭傒。 47. 永嘉四靈: 指的是南宋后期永嘉的四位詩人 ,即徐璣,號靈淵;徐照,安靈暉;翁卷,字靈舒;趙師秀,字靈秀。這兩部著作代表了清代 戲劇的最高成就,并代表了清初感傷審美思潮的重要實績。童心說是晚明李贄提出的: “天下之至文,未有不出于童心焉者也。這種在當(dāng)時詞壇能自成一家的風(fēng)格物色,被稱為“朱希真體 ”。這派詩人的創(chuàng)作多始于光緒中葉以后,故同光體即是指稱光緒、宣統(tǒng)以至民國后的宋詩派。這種在宋代詞壇別開生面、既慷慨豪放又溫婉嫵 媚,而以豪放悲壯為主導(dǎo)風(fēng)格的詞,人們稱之為 “稼軒體 ”。作詩學(xué)黃庭堅,學(xué)力專精,講苦吟,求奇拙,標(biāo)舉 “寧拙勿巧,寧樸勿華 ”,力求簡省字句以擯棄華麗辭藻。在藝術(shù)上,他們不滿于公安末流的淺易風(fēng)格,力倡所謂 “幽深孤峭 ”的風(fēng)格,不惜用怪字,押險韻,有意破壞語言的自然之美。王闿運(yùn)論詩自尊八代,明言復(fù)古,其所作,亦刻意模仿,各種擬作層出不窮。 5. 陽羨派: 清初陳維崧的詞師法蘇、辛,尤其接近辛棄疾的豪放蒼涼詞風(fēng)。這就是人們所稱的“程甲本”。全書共收作品494 篇,是目前《聊齋志異》收文最多、最完備的本子。至此以后,毛本即成為流行最廣、影響最大的一個本子。 英雄傳奇小說 :魯迅先生曾對“英雄傳奇小說”下過如下的定義:“敘一時故事而特置重于一個或數(shù)人者。套數(shù)又稱套曲,是由兩支以上宮調(diào)相同的只曲聯(lián)結(jié)而成的組曲,一般都有尾聲,并且要一韻到底 : “擬話本 ”這一名稱是魯迅先生首先提出來的,指明代文人摹仿宋元話本而創(chuàng)作的短篇白話小說。 靈淡遠(yuǎn)、言有盡而意無窮的境界。 : ( 1)清中期以張惠言為代表的詞派;( 2)強(qiáng)調(diào)比興寄托;( 3)提倡 “深美閎約 ”的詞風(fēng)。第三 , 倜儻的丈夫氣。李清照作詞,既有女性的溫柔和明慧,又有一般女子缺乏的俊爽和開朗。 : ( 1)默揣世界將來之進(jìn)步,獨抒奇想,托之說部。 36.“妙悟 ”說 1)這是嚴(yán)羽在《滄浪詩話》中提出的詩歌理論,是嚴(yán)羽詩學(xué)的核心。這種小 說不是藝人講述的底本,而要是供人案頭閱讀。”這類小說的特點是,由歷史上的“一時故事”生發(fā)開來,反映的生活內(nèi)容,從縱向看不如歷史演義那么長,但從橫向來看,卻 比歷史演義反映的生活面要廣闊得多,幾乎涉及到各個階層的人物,特別值得注意的是描寫了市井細(xì)民的生活,在描寫中又有較多的藝術(shù)創(chuàng)造和虛構(gòu)。毛氏父子在《三國演義》的傳播上功不 可沒,同時在小說的理論批評方面也有值得重視的貢獻(xiàn)。 18、《司文郎》: 是《聊齋志異》中一篇杰出的諷刺作品。 22、晚清四大譴責(zé)小說: “譴責(zé)小說”是晚清小說的主流,這些小說揭露帝國主義的侵略罪行,揭露封建統(tǒng)治階級的腐朽沒落,揭露世風(fēng)的墮落和社會的黑暗,因此魯迅先生稱之為“譴責(zé)小說”。因陳維崧是江蘇宜興人,宜興古地名稱 “陽羨 ”,所以以陳維崧為代表的詞派被稱為 “陽羨派 ”。但 后世論者一致指認(rèn)其詩墨守古法。使其作品佶屈聱牙,刁鉆古怪,走向了極端。其詩均為嘔心瀝血 之作,其錘煉辛苦處與黃庭堅無異,但因其缺乏華采而唯余瘦硬。 24. 易安體 :李清照號易安居士。同光體詩人中以陳三立成就最高,沈曾植、鄭孝胥等為重要員。又因其詞集為《樵歌》,故亦稱之為 “樵歌體。 ”他把文學(xué)作為反傳統(tǒng)、反權(quán)威。 43. 清初三大家: 三位作家是侯方域、魏禧、汪琬,號稱 “清初三大家 ”,他們的散文比較注意從文章風(fēng)格上糾正晚明散文的放誕的纖佻習(xí)氣,主張恢復(fù)唐宋散文的醇厚傳統(tǒng)。他們都是永嘉人,字號中又都有一個 “靈 ”字,詩風(fēng)又極為相近,故謂之 “永嘉四靈 ”。他們均因有文才而被選入翰林院,并以較為出色的詩文創(chuàng)作成為京師士子向慕的著名人物而享譽(yù)詩壇。離合悲歡,談故涉險,均錯綜其中。它起源于宋代的陶真和元明的詞話,開始出現(xiàn)于明中葉,至清代極為繁榮,是清代講唱文學(xué)中成就最高、影響最大、流傳作品最多的一種。楔子的篇幅較短,一般放在第一折前交待劇情,起序幕作用;也可放在折與折之間,起過渡承接作用。所寫內(nèi)容因作者涉足異域后觀念的新變,這些游記中的優(yōu)秀作品均呈現(xiàn)出一種新面 貌、新文風(fēng),自成一種新文體,故統(tǒng)稱之為域外游記。 :歐陽修晚年號六一居士,所謂六一風(fēng)神即指歐陽修散文的美學(xué)風(fēng)格。1902 年,在其《飲冰室詩話》中,將詩界革命的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)修訂為 “以舊風(fēng)格含新意境 ”,或 “熔鑄新理想以入舊風(fēng)格 ”,成為詩界革命的綱領(lǐng)。