【正文】 俄國廢除農(nóng)奴制度 , 1865美國解放黑奴 . 3. 工人有新的權(quán)利 , 女人要求平等待遇 . 4. Expanded exploration came at the expense of indigenous populations. D. 民族主義 Nationalism 1. 全歐人民都在嘗試建立以民族為主體的民族國家 . 2. In 法 , 英 , 俄原就是屬民族國家 . 3. 在 Germany 與 Italy, 統(tǒng)一的聲浪高漲 . a. Germany 在 Bismarck 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下 , 於 1864 到 1871年間統(tǒng)一 . b. Italy 則在 Victor Emmanuel II 之下於 185961統(tǒng)一 . 4. While a mon heritage helped unify Germany and Italy, 種族眾多的奧匈帝國卻是反抗其統(tǒng)一 . 5. 音樂對民族主義的宣揚有所貢獻 ,民族主義也對音樂有深遠的影響 A. 其他藝術(shù)的風(fēng)潮 1. Realism: 在藝術(shù)與文學(xué)上盛行寫實主義 . 2. 異國主義 Exoticism, 幻想 fantasy, 遙遠的過去提供逃脫現(xiàn)代生活的管道 . 3. Impressionism 印象派描繪戶外景物 . A. Opera 1. Strong national schools continued in Italy, France, and Germany. 2. 民族主義 Nationalism 越來越成為連結(jié)歌劇與政治文化潮流的力量 . 3. 歌劇開始有核心曲目 . a. 因作曲家花較長時間寫作 , 新歌劇數(shù)量減少 . b. 作品的原創(chuàng)性較成規(guī)更為重要 . 4. 歌劇院與樂團越來越大 , 歌者也就需要更大的嗓門 . 5. 旋律音節(jié)化 more syllabic 較無裝飾 . 6. Subjects ranged from fantastic to realistic. 7. Electricity made it possible to dim the house lights. 8. 漸漸演出時較不允許說話 . Giuseppe Verdi (威爾第 , 18131901) A. Verdi 在 Donizetti 之後 , 主導(dǎo)義大利歌劇長達五十年 . B. Biography 1. Verdi 出生北義大利 , 旅館主人之子 . 2. 九歲時為教堂風(fēng)琴師 , 之後成為 Busseto 的樂師 . 3. 喪偶後 , 在 Milan, 開創(chuàng)了歌劇作曲生涯 . 4. 從 26到 80歲 , Verdi完成了 26部歌劇 . 5. Verdi 的名字成為義大利民族主義愛國者的口號 : Viva Verdi was an acronym for Viva Vittorio Emanuele Re d39。ra ique c. Don Pasquale (1843), an opera buffa 1. Donizetti39。s call) played by an English horn. d. A galloping allegro that was used as the theme for The Lone Ranger. A. Vincenzo Bellini (貝利尼 18011835) 1. Bellini came into prominence after Rossini retired. 2. He preferred dramas of passion with gripping action. 3. Action was not limited to recitative, but was also built into arias. 4. Bellini posed ten operas, including: a. La Sonnambula (The Sleepwalker, 1831) b. Norma (1831) c. I Puritani (The Puritans, 1835) 1. His style is characterized by long, sweeping, highly embellished, intensely emotional melodies. 2. Casta diva (Chaste Goddess) from Norma (see HWM Example ) a. The form of this scene follows the structure established by Rossini. b. In each section, the chorus plays an important role in creating a sense of continuous action. A. Gaetano Donizetti (唐尼采第 , 17971848) 1. Donizetti 寫作超過 70首歌劇 , about one hundred songs, several symphonies, and a number of other vocal works. a. Lucia di lammermoor (1835), a serious opera b. La Filled u regiment (The Daughter of the Regiment, 1840), an op233。s Stabat Mater brought current operatic styles into church. 1. A revival of the sixteenthcentury choral style of Palestrina began in the second quarter of the century. a. In the nieenth century, the term a cappella came to mean unacpanied. b. By midcentury, the Church promoted position in the unacpanied style of Palestrina. c. The Cecilian movement, which encouraged a cappella performances of old and new music, centered in Germanspeaking areas. A. Protestant 1. Protestant churches also built on their musical heritage. a. The Berlin Singakaemie performed Bach39。tterd228。ra ique 與 grand opera之間 . 6. Faust by Charles Gounod (18181893) a. This lyric opera was the most frequently performed opera in Europe and the Americas in the last third of the nieenth century. b. It was first performed as an op233。nder (漂泊的荷蘭人 , 1843) a. A Romantic opera in the tradition of Weber,故事採自日爾曼傳奇 . b. Wagner 自己寫劇本 . c. Themes from one of the vocal ballads appear in the overture and recur throughout the opera, functioning like reminiscence motives. 1. Tannh228。s national features. A. Der Freisch252。s scene structure 1. Rossini distributed the action throughout each act by constructing scenes (scena) rather than confining the action to recitatives. 2. 每一景有標準的段落 . a. 器樂導(dǎo)奏 b. 喧敘調(diào)以樂團伴奏 c. 如歌的樂段 , the slow and lyrical section of the aria, generally expresses calm moods d. In some, an interlude called tempo di mezzo (middle movement) interrupts and changes the mood e. Cabaletta, 詠唱調(diào)結(jié)尾快速的部分 , 常有反覆或裝飾性的反覆 . f. 終曲通常聚合許多角色 . 1. The cantabile and cabaletta together constitute the aria。atre Italien 演出義大利歌劇 . 1. Other theaters presented a variety of theatrical works often