【正文】 grand opera and the traditions of Lully. A. Op233。s Glen (see HWM Figure ). b. The scene incorporates elements of melodrama, a genre of musical theater that bines spoken dialogue with background music. c. While casting seven magic bullets, various terrifying images appear in the dark forest. d. Daring harmonies, a colorful orchestration, and an offstage chorus support the supernatural elements of the plot. a. Rossini39。 Violetta will not recover. b. Stark contrasts of style capture the changing moods. 1. Cabaletta (measure 227) a. The form is AABA39。re (女武神 ) c. Siegfried d. G246。 consciousness at measure 192. A. Wagner的影響 1. 談?wù)?Wagner 的書籍超過其他的音樂家 . 2. 他的整體藝術(shù)觀念影響之後的歌劇 . 3. 他強(qiáng)調(diào)音樂的連續(xù)性亦十分重要 . 4. 管絃樂的色彩大師 , he influenced many posers. 5. 畫家詩人從 Wagner音樂中得到啟發(fā) . 6. Unfortunately, Wagner39。ra ique, with spoken dialogue, and was later arranged with recitatives. A. Carmen by Bizet (1875) 1. 原來以有口白的 op233。ne, the lovers39。user (1845) a. 故事也採自日爾曼傳奇 . b. 半宣敘式的聲樂唱腔 , which would bee Wagner39。attacco), Aflat major (cantabile), and C major (cabaletta). 1. Opening scene a. The orchestra acpanies the recitative. b. The dialogue is set in short phrases above a continuous melodic flow in the orchestra. 1. Tempo d39。tz (魔彈射手 ) by Carl Maria von Weber (韋伯 17861826) 建立了日爾曼浪漫歌劇 . 1. The opera 是 German Romantic opera的典型 . a. 以一般的平民的關(guān)注與愛情為中心思想 . b. 劇情採自中世紀(jì)歷史傳奇或神話故事 . c. 故事帶有超自然事物 , 自然神秘的背景 . a. Scenes of a humble village and country life are interspersed. b. Mortal characters represent superhuman forces, both good and evil. c. The triumph of good represents a type of religious redemption. d. The musical style draws upon traditions of other countries, but also uses simple, folklike melodies, giving it a distinctly German quality. e. The chromatic harmonies and orchestral color are also distinctive. 1. Wolf39。atre Italien 演出義大利歌劇 . 1. Other theaters presented a variety of theatrical works often using music. 2. A new building for the Op233。 some scenes contain nothing else. 2. A duet or ensemble may follow a similar pattern, but it was often preceded by a tempo d39。s scene structure 1. Rossini distributed the action throughout each act by constructing scenes (scena) rather than confining the action to recitatives. 2. 每一景有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的段落 . a. 器樂導(dǎo)奏 b. 喧敘調(diào)以樂團(tuán)伴奏 c. 如歌的樂段 , the slow and lyrical section of the aria, generally expresses calm moods d. In some, an interlude called tempo di mezzo (middle movement) interrupts and changes the mood e. Cabaletta, 詠唱調(diào)結(jié)尾快速的部分 , 常有反覆或裝飾性的反覆 . f. 終曲通常聚合許多角色 . 1. The cantabile and cabaletta together constitute the aria。raComique 喜歌劇院演出帶有口白的歌劇 . c. The Th233。s national features. A. Der Freisch252。attacco (opening section) c. Slow cantabile d. Tempo di mezzo e. Fast cabaletta 1. Verdi focuses on three keys: E major (tempo d39。nder (漂泊的荷蘭人 , 1843) a. A Romantic opera in the tradition of Weber,故事採自日爾曼傳奇 . b. Wagner 自己寫劇本 . c. Themes from one of the vocal ballads appear in the overture and recur throughout the opera, functioning like reminiscence motives. 1. Tannh228。 the actors move and gesture at specific moments in the music. 2. A climax is reached at measure 102 with a deceptive cadence. 3. A new melody begins in the violas at measure 103, joined by the voices calling to each other. 4. Following interruptions from the sailors and Brang228。ra ique 與 grand opera之間 . 6. Faust by Charles Gounod (18181893) a. This lyric opera was the most frequently performed opera in Europe and the Americas in the last third of the nieenth century. b. It was first performed as an op233。s antiSemitic writings also found followers, including the Nazis in Germany. A. Lyric opera 抒情歌劇 1. 從 op233。tterd228。 with coda. b. Violetta voices her desperation, and Alfredo tries to calm her. c. The coda builds to a climax of despair. A. Middleperiod operas 1. Verdi wrote only six new operas in the next two decades. a. The action bees more continuous. b. Solos, ensembles, and choruses are freely bined. c. Harmonies are more daring. d. The orchestra is treated with great origina