【正文】 atre Lyrique, founded in 1851為名 . 3. 如 op233。 he pleted the rest in 1874. 2. Wagner built his own theater in Bayreuth, where he gave the first performance of the Ring cycle in 1876 A. 其他的樂劇 1. Tristan und Isolde (185759) a. Wagner wrote the libretto, basing it on a thirteenthcentury romance by Gottfired von Strassburg. b. Wagner最具影響的作品 . 1. Die Meistersinger von N252。me Richard Wagner (瓦格納 , 18131883) A. Wagner 是１９世紀(jì)文化界關(guān)鍵性的人物，也是史上最具影像力的音樂家之一 . 1. 將日爾曼歌劇帶到高峰 . 2. 他創(chuàng)造了新樂種 , 樂劇 the music drama. 3. 他豐富的半音化和聲，影響後世作曲家 1. 生於 Leipzig, Germany, 警局會(huì)計(jì)之子 2. writing operas in the 1830s and held positions with several regional panies. 3. He worked as a music journalist in Paris from 1839 to 1842. 4. He was appointed second Kapellmeister for the king of Saxony in Dresden in 1843. 5. Wagner 支持 184849革命，而流亡 . 6. 於瑞士寫下主要的論文 . 7. He received support from a new patron, King Ludwig II of Bavaria, in 1864. 8. Although married to Minna (183666), he had relationships with other women, including Mathilde Wesendonck. 9. In 1870, he married Cosima von B252。Italia (Long live Victor Emmanuel, king of Italy) 6. 雖然他支持義大利統(tǒng)一 , 民族主義並非其歌劇 明顯的元素 . A. Verdi 歌劇特色 characteristics 1. 他的旋律一聽難忘 , 且掌握戲劇的情感 . 2. Verdi 偏好以成功的戲劇為歌劇的題材 , 包括 Shakespeare, Schiller, Victor Hugo的作品 . 3. Verdi 的基礎(chǔ)建立在 Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti的傳統(tǒng)下 . 4. 如 Donizetti, Verdi 常使用反覆出現(xiàn)的主題 . A. 早期歌劇 1. Nabucco (1842) 是其成名之作 . 2. Luisa Miller (1849) reveals a keen sense of psychological portrayal. 3. 1850年代初期 , 創(chuàng)作到達(dá)高峰 ,作品有 : a. Rigoletto (弄臣 1851) b. Il trovatore (遊唱詩人 1853) c. La traviata (茶花女 1853) 1. In Il trovatore and La traviata, 序曲改為簡短的前奏 . 2. La traviata 基於小仲馬的小說改編 Alexandre Dumas, fils. a. 不同於他其他的歌劇 , 以１９世紀(jì)中為故事背景 . b. 人物 , 場景與情感都十分寫實(shí) . A. La traviata, Act III, excerpt 1. The scene follows Rossini39。ra ique, 浪漫劇與喜劇 . A. Ballet 芭蕾 1. Ballet 自 17世紀(jì)起即在法國流行 . 2. Marie Taglioni introduced a new style called Romantic ballet 3. Ballerinas 身著透明薄紗裙 , 輕鬆靈活的以足尖跳動(dòng) . a. Taglioni introduced the new ballet to Russia, Europe, and North America. Marie Taglioni 1. Composers for Romantic ballet fit the music to the choreography. 2. Giselle (吉賽爾 1841) by Adolphe Adam, one of ballet39。s melodies captured the sense of a character, situation, or feeling. 2. By averting cadences, he avoided applause until a scene was finished. 3. The music often has a seamless continuity. 4. The mad scene from Lucia di Lammermoor has an unbroken flow of events. Classics of Italian opera 1. Rossini, Bellini, and Donizetti were performed throughout Europe and America. 2. Many of their arias became popular tunes that were known in large segments of society. 3. Several of their operas became permanent classics of the operatic repertoire. I. French Opera A. Opera 是 19世紀(jì)前半法國最受尊崇的樂種 . 1. Napoleon 只允許三個(gè)劇院演出歌劇 . a. The Op233。Italiana in Algeria (The Italian Woman in Algiers), both from 1813, established his international reputation. b. In 1815, he became musical director of the Teatro San Carlo in Naples. c. Il Barbieri de Siviglia (塞爾維亞理髮師 , 1816), 喜歌劇，最成功之作 . d. Rossini 移居巴黎成為 Theatre Italien總監(jiān) . e. Guillaume Tell (William Tell, 1829) 是他最後的主要歌劇 . 1. 之後的四十年未曾些歌劇 . a. 多病並且飲食過量 . b. 以寫作鋼琴曲即歌曲為主 , 其風(fēng)格影響法國作曲家 . 1. Rossini歌劇的流行 , 部分是因?yàn)樗軌? 混合喜歌劇與莊歌劇的元素 . 2. 他所建立的義大利歌劇模式維持了半個(gè)世紀(jì)之久 . 3. Rossini 齊力建立了 bel canto風(fēng)格 . a. Literally “美麗的歌唱 ,” the term refers to 抒情旋律線 , 毫不費(fèi)力的聲樂技巧 , 流暢的演唱 . b. In bel canto, 旋律是最重要的元素 A. Rossini39。 in Egitto (Moses in Egypt, 1818) c. Guillaume Tell (William Tell, 1829) 1. Guillaume Tell 威廉泰爾 a. 當(dāng)時(shí)在巴黎演出超過 500場 . b. 關(guān)於革命的情節(jié)在當(dāng)時(shí)其實(shí)是禁諱的 . c. Rossini 依大歌劇 French grand opera的方式 , 包含了合唱 , 重唱 , 舞蹈 , 遊行 , 大場面的器樂間奏 . A. Rossini 的序曲 1. 在音樂會(huì)中也常被演出 . 2. 大多是包含導(dǎo)奏與無發(fā)展部的快板奏鳴曲式 . 3. The overture to Guillaume Tell, his most famous overture, has four sections. a. A slow pastoral introduction b. A musical depiction of a storm c. Another pastoral featuring a ranz de vaches (a Swiss cowherd39。vy c. Don Carlos (1867) by Verdi d. Rienzi (1842) by Wagner 1. Les Troyens (特洛伊人 185658) Berlioz has elements of