【正文】 分為 7 種：①詞類轉(zhuǎn)換 （轉(zhuǎn)性） ；②句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換；③表達(dá)方式轉(zhuǎn)換；④自然語序和倒裝語序轉(zhuǎn)換；⑤正面表達(dá)與反面表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換；⑥主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換；⑦分句轉(zhuǎn)換。杰斐遜 對(duì) 美國(guó)的教育 事業(yè)做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。 Appearances are often deceptive. 外表往往是靠不住的。 The Political Consultative Conference so eagerly awaited by the whole nation is herewith inaugurated. 4) 全國(guó)同胞們，中華人民共和國(guó)現(xiàn)已宣告成立。 1) The intent to make an immediate gift must be clear and unmistakable, and the transfer must take immediate and permanent effect. 直接贈(zèng)與的意向必須明白無誤，轉(zhuǎn)讓行為必須立即產(chǎn)生效力， 且該效力應(yīng)具有永久性 。 a. It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. b. We can?t judge people from their appearance, just as we can?t measure the ocean by pints. 增補(bǔ)主語 推敲語境 考慮英語語法習(xí)慣和行文 的需要 沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆發(fā)，就在沉默中滅亡。 a. The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy. b. The economy of China will converge with that of the world economy. 3) 這事到了現(xiàn)在，還是時(shí)時(shí) 記起 。波羅的中國(guó)之行，給他留下最深刻印象的是杭州西湖之秀美。 The Chinese people are always looking forward to global peace and friendship among all nations. The Chinese people are always hoping that the world is at peace and people of all nations will coexist friendlily. avoid the stupid and shortsighted traps 擺脫束縛 打破禁錮 擺脫羈絆 2) 時(shí)態(tài)原則 中華民族 歷來 愛好自由和和平。 He was born in a small town of Hunan Province at six thirty on the morning of August 22, 1935. 設(shè)在位于①紐約市②中心③一座摩天大樓④第四十層樓里的⑤那間辦公室，就是他工作的小天地。 Heroes create the times, the times produce their heroes. 一踏進(jìn)門檻，屋子里的混亂景象 使我吃了一驚。 Success depends on calm minds. 端午節(jié)吃粽子。 a) The turn of the century finds China most attractive on the diplomatic arena. b) At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. 中國(guó)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。 2) The inside of each tent depended on the personality of its occupants. 每個(gè)帳篷 內(nèi)怎么布置 ，這就要看各個(gè)使用者的性格了。 b) 主語（受動(dòng)者） +謂語 +（ by）施動(dòng)者 結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)句 , 處理為 施動(dòng)者 +謂語 +受動(dòng)者 的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) The mobile phone boom is driven by the young adults. 年輕人推動(dòng)了移動(dòng)電話市場(chǎng)的繁榮。 Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you? 你想知道她為 什么不想見到你？ Her husband hates to see her stony face. 她丈夫不愿意見到她那張面無表情的臉。 The girl impressed her relatives? favorably with her vivacity and sense of humor. 這個(gè)女孩以她的活潑和幽默感給她親戚們留下了極好的印象。 There are plenty of opportunities to attend munity events and volunteer your services. 參與社區(qū)活動(dòng)以及提供志愿服務(wù)的機(jī)會(huì)多得很。 A 詞綴法 tion 作用；過程 We should by no means neglect the evaporation of water. 我們決不能忽視水的蒸發(fā)作用。 The wit of three cobblers bined surpasses Zhuge Liang, the master mind. ２、根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系需要增補(bǔ) 漢語重義合、英語重形合。 The Chinese people are always loving world peace. 時(shí)態(tài)重點(diǎn)詞 would would 表示意愿 I would be only too glad to help you. 表示一種特人的行為 That?s just what he would say. It would rain on the day we chose for a piic. so that… would 表示目的、結(jié)果 so that + can will may （現(xiàn)在 /過去時(shí)態(tài)）表示目的 She burned the letters so that her husband would never read them. 總結(jié)： 第 5 點(diǎn)考察考生硬功，約占比例 80% 第 4 點(diǎn)考察考生軟功，需在平日不斷積累 第三章 英譯漢翻譯技能 直譯 是指 在譯入語條件許可的前提下，在譯文中既表達(dá)原文的思想內(nèi)容，又保留原文的語言表達(dá)形式 直譯：一針及時(shí)省九針 意譯：事半功倍 意譯 是指 譯文能正確表達(dá)原文的思想內(nèi)容，但不必拘泥于原文的語言表達(dá)形式 。 She would spend hours dressing herself in fine clothes, and brushing her black hair. Then she would stand by the mirror and admire herself. 她 （總是） 要花好幾個(gè)小時(shí)為自己盛裝打扮，梳理她烏黑的頭發(fā)。 humbleness 謙虛作風(fēng) We all look down upon his humbleness. 我們都看不起他這種賤相 （卑微的態(tài)度） 。 一、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換 1. 名詞到動(dòng)詞 1）表示心理狀態(tài)和觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)的名詞。 Her presence of mind had not pletely deserted her。 At the news of his father?s death, he remained quiet for several days. 一聽到他父親的死訊，他好幾天一言不發(fā)。 Fellowcountrymen, the founding of the People?s Republic of China is proclaimed. 歸化 (Adaptation) 由于文化上的差異，英譯漢時(shí)有時(shí)直譯原文就會(huì)使譯入語讀者感到費(fèi)解，甚至誤解。 2) Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 hundred years old. 這座橋是 1192 年修建的，至今已經(jīng)有 700 多年的歷史了。 Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence! 起大風(fēng)了。 a. Even now, this remains fresh in my memory. b. Even now, I still often think about it. 4) 世紀(jì)之交，中國(guó)外交 空前活躍 。 The beauty of the West Lake in Hangzhou was what impressed Marco Polo most during his trip to China. 狀語位置的調(diào)整 漢語狀語的位置一般在主語和謂語之間，呈“ 主語→狀語→謂語→賓語 ”模式；英語狀語一般出現(xiàn)在賓語后的句尾，呈“ 主語→謂語→賓語→狀語 ”模式。 The Chinese people have always been cherishing freedom and peace. The Chinese people always cherish freedom and peace. The Chinese people are always cherishing freedom and peace. 中國(guó)過去是、現(xiàn)在是、將來是 …… China was, remains to be 中國(guó)人民 更 深感自由與和平的珍貴。 He reads hard in the library every evening. 他①一九三五年②八月③二十二日④早晨⑤六點(diǎn)三十分誕生在⑴湖南的⑵一個(gè)小縣城?！? The famous Italian traveler Marco Polo was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the most fascinating city in the world, where one feels as if he was in paradise.” 英雄造時(shí)勢(shì)，時(shí)勢(shì)造英雄。 It?s utterly absurd. 只有冷靜才能成功。 主語的確定 原文主語作主語： 場(chǎng)合有限 重新確定主語 （比較翻譯） 1) 世紀(jì)之交， 中國(guó) 外交空前活 躍。 目的： 句法上的需要 修辭上的需要 1) At present people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middleground reply. 現(xiàn)在，人們都傾向于采取不偏不倚的態(tài)度來回答問題， 因?yàn)樗踩徽酗L(fēng)險(xiǎn) 。 3） 主被交換 a) 主語 +謂語 +狀語 結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)句，結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整為： 狀語 +謂語 +賓語（原主語） ， Movies were first made in Hollywood before WWI. 一戰(zhàn)前好萊塢首次制作了電影。 The coffee is too sweet to bear. 咖啡甜得讓人受不了。 4. 動(dòng)詞到名詞 Our proposal was warmly weled by all the representatives. 我們的提議得到了全體代表的熱烈歡迎。 I framed the words in my mind, “Pardon me, but have I done something to offend you?” 我心里在嘀咕：“對(duì)不起，我做了什么事冒犯了您？” As it is late, let us go to ，睡吧 代詞省略 —— 抽象代詞、泛指代詞 1） 有些做賓語的代詞 I am going to have it. 我想去吃 2） 泛指的英語人稱代詞做主語 3） 指代抽象名詞的代詞 Ford?s basic wage of $5 a day caused not only a wage explosion in the city, it also caused a population explosion. 4） 物主代詞 5） 形式主語和形式賓語 it 從修飾角度進(jìn)行減省 The hardest part of any big project is to begin. 任何一個(gè)大項(xiàng)目最艱難的是起步。 具體譯法 所謂 具體譯法 ，就是 在翻譯過程中把原文中抽象或比較抽象的單詞、詞組、成語或句子用具體或比較具體的單