【正文】 同一組的反應相似。在秘魯，我們已經(jīng)舉行了座談會，反饋我們的一些調(diào)查結(jié)果，我們必須設法創(chuàng)造條件，使人們有可能對秘魯社會科學家繼續(xù)提供文化測量，以適應國家發(fā)展的需要。 結(jié)論 這是在一個項目的分析將會持續(xù)數(shù)月的初步報告。管理人員告訴我們，今天它正在接受就他們所關(guān)心的關(guān)注越來越少，但顯然私立學校男孩還是覺得 “ 拉 ” 在找工作是非常重要的。那么，為何一個較低的精英成員自己做手工勞動？ 在這樣的教育金字塔形狀趨向于強化對體力勞動的文化障礙 。 “ 要正確地看待這些數(shù)字。我的一位研究人員在秘魯， Gradela 弗洛雷斯，成員曾與我翻譯的問卷，我們打算用，并制定旨在測試秘魯文化的某些方面的一 些新項目的組成部分。 Banchero 是一個意大利移民的兒子。他們的主要答復是，秘魯政府多年來都迎合外國利益和給予外 國人的優(yōu)勢和幫助，他們沒有給自己的人民。 由于這個原因，測量儀器的發(fā)展文化可能是在發(fā)展中國家向前運動的一個重要步驟。 Labor Relations Review， Jul63, Vol. 16 Issue 4, p583594, 12p 作 者： WILLIAM F. WHYTE. 原 文： CULTURE, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF PERU r opr _420 839. . 880 The economists who give their attention to the study of the developing countries are now generally agreed that culture has an extremely important impact upon economic development and upon the pattern of industrial relations found in a given country. Nevertheless, the governments of these countries generally tend to neglect the culture and concentrate their attention upon capital, natural resources, transportation, technical education, and so on— all of these being factors which appear to be more or less concrete. Why is culture generally neglected in development plans? There are certainly several reasons for this condition, and I shall focus our attention on only one of them. My theory is that in the planning of the economic policy makers, those factors for which measurements are readily available tend to receive attention, whereas the factors for which measurements are not readily available tend to be neglected. To the layman, culture appears to be a vague and nebulous notion. It is fashionable these days to acknowledge that culture is important, but if the government planner finds difficulty in understanding what it is and has no idea how many aspects of it might be measured, then he is unlikely to develop plans consciously designed to change culture. For this reason, the development of measuring instruments for cultures may be an essential step in the forward movement of the developing countries. This is a report on one such effort. It grows out of fifteen months of research in Peru on Human Problems of Industrial Development. The project was planned as a series of field studies in Peruvian industrial plants, to be carried out by four Peruvian research assistants, under my general direction. We did indeed carry out the factory field studies we planned, but in the early stages of the project, I became convinced of the necessity for a broad study of culture to provide interpretation for some of the behavior we were observing in the plants. Nobody who es to Peru to take even a most casual look at industrial activities in the country can fail to be impressed by the scarcity of firms founded and developed by Peruvians, whose families had been in the country for several generations. A large part of the industry is in foreign hands. The railway system was pioneered bya U. S. engineer, Henry Meigs, and is now owned by the Peruvian Corporation, a British concern. The major internal airline, Faucett, was founded by an American. More than 90 percent of the oil production is in the hands of foreign firms, the dominant one being International Petroleum Company, an affiliate of Standard Oil of New Jersey. In mining, the dominant firms are Cerro de Pasco Corporation, Southern Peru Mining Corporation, and Marcona Mining Company, all American firms. The dominant pany in shipping is W. R. Grace and Company— which is also prominent in raising and refining sugar, in textiles and in chemicals. More important in the textile industry is Duncan Fox and Company, Ltd., a British firm. 39。我的理論是，在經(jīng)濟政策制定者的規(guī)劃 中 ，這些因素的測量是現(xiàn)成的，而往往會 文化 因素的測量不容易獲得重視，往往被忽視。我他最重要的公用事業(yè)，仍然成立，由瑞士的控制，雖然秘魯已投資于本公司大增。 這些人沒有一個是從政府在讓他們的企業(yè)開始或在任何關(guān)鍵階段的任何援助。就當前而言，我將注意力集中在人們的思維方式和對周圍世界的感覺，特別是他們持有的價值觀念，似乎在向我們地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展有關(guān)。藍領(lǐng)工作者被稱為 obrero 和白領(lǐng)稱為 empleado。這 51，多少讓應用程序繼續(xù)在大學的教育？ 51 或 52。 ” 只有 百分之公立學校的男生選擇了很高的聲譽并不陌生。因為他的目的的能力好成績的獎勵，還是他后，靠朋友和同事的幫助？我們問這個問題四個問題。 該研究報告，然后在這里絕不是在一個有關(guān)社會研究的文化和文化變革的問題的過程中結(jié)束。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，我們可能期望從我們的秘魯社會的認識，即從精英學校的男孩大幅設置從其他人口分 開。大莊園以來一直為社會經(jīng)濟活動的主要領(lǐng)域幾代人，并在近年來這一精英成員已經(jīng)擴展到工業(yè)活動了。 其中男孩，據(jù)說被教導成熟練的工人，只有百分之 選擇 obrero 時所提供的相同數(shù)額的工資，他們將接收 empleado。我會出現(xiàn)在三個領(lǐng)域的一些重要的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和工業(yè)的關(guān)系，我們對我們的一些調(diào)查結(jié)果：在體力勞動，可疑秘魯，以及對發(fā)展動機拖動狀態(tài)。制造業(yè)并沒有被這種模式的一部分。 三十年前，奧斯卡費朗，一個雜貨店，店老板的兒子，開了一家小商店進行實驗用玻璃 制造。 鐵路系統(tǒng)率先 bya 美國工程師，亨利梅格斯，現(xiàn)由秘魯公司，英國關(guān)注擁有。s principal source of foreign exchange. One of the top figures in the fishing and fishmeal industry and in the trade association to market its product, at the age of thirtyone at this writing, Sr. Banchero is now branching out into other industrial enterprises. None of these men had any assistance from the government in getting their enterprises started or at any crucial stage. But who are these men? D39。s first plant set off the phenomenal boom in the fishmeal industry, until today fish meal (used for fertilizer and cattle feed) has bee, after copper and cotton, Peru39。一個行業(yè)的很大一部分是掌握在外國手中。今天，德 國的 Onofrio是制造巧克力的主要關(guān)注和糖果，餅干各類和冰淇淋。 世世代代，典型的秘魯經(jīng)濟活動都集中在土地所有權(quán)的莊園，購買房地產(chǎn)和商業(yè)銷售，購買和銷售商品。 這項研究還處于早期階段的分析，但我們已經(jīng)為利馬一些初步結(jié)論，這似乎值得認真注意的一些。當我們在應用問題的方案工藝美術(shù)的 男孩，我們找到了差距，但沒有足夠的差異太多地，鼓勵秘魯。這忠實地反映了這些男孩前一代的現(xiàn)狀。在大多數(shù)項目的中層小學生也并不遙遠，從公立學校的反應。該國的領(lǐng)導人必須決定什么樣的變化，他們希望引進的文化，需要找到使這些變化的手段。因為它們都作出了同樣的結(jié)果，我將說明一個： “ 你有多少的許多同學 都習慣于在課堂上作弊？ ” 當我們結(jié)合在一起的前兩類， “ 他們?nèi)?” 和“ 多數(shù)派 ” ，我們發(fā)現(xiàn) 公立學校男生百分之檢查這些反應。在我們的私人學校的人口 ，為 。 （可能是占